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Ocular Physiology #2 > Color Vision > Flashcards

Color Vision Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of color vision

A

the ability to discriminate a light stimulus as a function of its wavelength

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2
Q

what is the range of visible wavelengths that the eye can see

A

380-760 nm

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3
Q

what type of energy causes photoreactions on the retina to experience vision

A

electromagnetic

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4
Q

what is monochromatic light

A

colored light of a single wavelength

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5
Q

how do we see “white” light

A

it is created by mixing all colors created by a prism with a convex lens

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6
Q

what are the 3 additive primary colors

A

blue (435nm), green (545nm), and red (700nm)

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7
Q

what do the additive primary colors produce

A

white

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8
Q

what are the 3 subtractive primary colors

A

yellow, magenta-red, and cyan-blue

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9
Q

which light rays mix to create the subtractive primary colors

A

any two-thirds of the spectrum

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10
Q

what is subtractive color mixing

A

the mixing of color pigments or dyes

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11
Q

what do the subtractive primary colors produce

A

black

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12
Q

what are complementary colors

A

they have an additive mixture that forms white

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13
Q

what are interference colors

A

color that results from interference on thin films (soap bubbles)

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14
Q

why is the sky blue colored

A

the color was produced through the scatter of white light

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15
Q

which wavelengths, longer or shorter, become scattered as the rays pass through the atmosphere

A

the longer wavelengths

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16
Q

when do the sun’s ray’s give an intense red color

A

at sunrise and sunset, the sun’s ray’s pathlength is longer

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17
Q

which direction do the sun’s rays pass though the atmosphere

A

vertically

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18
Q

what is the shared chromophore in all visual pigments chemically related to

A

vitamin A

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19
Q

what makes the rods and cone cell pigments different

A

different opsin proteins

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20
Q

the genes encoding the opsin proteins are all members of what related receptor

A

G protein coupled receptors

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21
Q

what are G proteins in rod and cone cells called

A

transducins

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22
Q

are there different transducin forms for the different cone types

A

no they all share a common transducin form

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23
Q

do rods and cones have the same transducin form

A

no they each have a specific form

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24
Q

what reacts with an opsin protein to form a photoreceptor-pigment complex

A

11-cis isomer of aldehyde vitamin A

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25
Q

if the chromophore is in the opsin-bound state what happens

A

it has unique properties that contribute to color vision functioning

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26
Q

what is the opsin-shift

A

the change in absorption of the chromophore when it becomes bound to a particular opsin

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27
Q

what cells are needed for scotopic vision

A

rod cells (dim light)

28
Q

what cells are needed for photopic and color vision

A

cone cells (bright-light)

29
Q

which cells are less sensitive, rods or cones

A

cones are less sensitive but they can mediate differentiation of colors

30
Q

what wavelength is the maximum for a rod response

A

510 nm

31
Q

how many light rays apart can humans distinguish light rays

A

2 monochromatic light rays (2nm apart)

32
Q

how many spectral colors does our color palette have

A

300 distinct spectral colors

33
Q

what type of cells are in the fovea

A

high density of cones, NO rods, for color vision

34
Q

what does the Young-Hemholtz theory emphasize

A

trichromacy

35
Q

what confirmed the Young-Hemholtz theory

A

the discovery of 3 cone photoreceptor systems

36
Q

what is the opponent theory (Karl Hering) based on

A

the hypothetical existence of three oppositional color pigment pairs

37
Q

what are the 3 channels produced by the signals from the 3 cone types that are combined at the level of neurons

A

red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

38
Q

what is trichromatic vision

A

what our human vision is

39
Q

what are the 3 physiologic detection systems

A

the 3 classes of photoreceptor cells (represent the 3 additive primary colors)

40
Q

what are the 3 classes of photoreceptor cells

A

blue- short (s), green- middle (m), and red- long (L)

41
Q

does the response of a cone cells change depending on the energy of the photon that captures it

A

no the response is always the same

42
Q

what varies with photon energy

A

only the efficiency of a photon capture

43
Q

what relates to the rate of photon captures

A

the dynamic output

44
Q

what is the peak of the photopic curve

A

555nm

45
Q

what is the peak of the scotopic curve

A

505nm

46
Q

what does the scotopic curve represent

A

the photosensitivity of a single pigment rhodopsin

47
Q

what percentage of males in the US are affected by a red-green color deficiency

A

up to 10%

48
Q

what is the most common type of defect

A

deuteranomaly

49
Q

what is tritanopia

A

loss of the S-sensitive wavelength gene

50
Q

what is deuteranopia

A

loss of an M-sensitive wavelength gene, causes red-green defect

51
Q

what is protanopia

A

loss of L-sensitive wavelength gene, causes red-green defect

52
Q

what is a dichromat missing

A

missing one of three photopigments

53
Q

what is a deuteranope missing

A

missing chlorolable (CD)

54
Q

what is a protonope missing

A

erythrolabe (PE)

55
Q

what is a tritanope missing

A

cyanolabe (CT)

56
Q

what is a missing photopigment replaced with

A

other available pigments

57
Q

what are anamolous trichromats

A

they have all 3 photopigments but only one pigment is displaced

58
Q

if the color deficiency is congenital, will it be progressive

A

no

59
Q

what is acquired color deficiency

A

not inherited, secondary to disease (blue-yellow)- textbook, not always the case

60
Q

what is an achromatopia

A

the absence of multiple cone types and there is a severe loss in visual activity

61
Q

what is the ishihara test

A

a collection of pseudoisochromatic plates used as a diagnostic tool (most widely used diagnostic tool)

62
Q

what is an anomaloscope

A

an instrument used for precise follow-up testing

63
Q

when would a person develop an acquired color vision defect

A

disease or exposure to drugs or toxins

64
Q

what is an x-chrome CL

A

worn in one eye, reddish brown tint (patients may suppress that eye)

65
Q

what type of color deficiency is most severely affected

A

dichromats

Ocular Physiology #2 (7 decks)

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