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Color > Color Terms > Flashcards

Color Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Aliasing

A

The jagged stair-stepped appearance of printed diagonal lines.

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2
Q

Anti-aliasing

A

A technique that smoothens the printed appearance of jagged, stair-stepped lines-often by filling the edge of the line with varying shades of color or gray.

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3
Q

Banding

A

Most noticeable in printed areas that fade from light to dark. Due to insufficient color or grayscale ranges within the output device’s image processor, or insufficient information within the original scan.

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4
Q

Calibration

A

Setting up a system-scanner, monitor, printer, etc. so that it produces accurate and consistent results.

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5
Q

Chroma

A

Saturation, intensity or vividness of a color, such as a “weak color”, a strong color”.

  • Black, white and gray have no chroma
  • Pastel colors are low in chroma.
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6
Q

Chromatic Colors

A

Any color that is not white, black or gray-colors that contain both hue and chroma.

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7
Q

CMYK

A

The four process colors (subtractive colors) that are used in four color printed reproduction. It is one of several color models. Others are HSBC (hue, saturation, brightness), PMS, and RGB.

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8
Q

Color Correction

A

Adjusting, enhancing or normalizing the colors in a digital image.

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9
Q

Color Gamut

A

The tonal range of colors that can be reproduced by a digital device.

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10
Q

Color Management System

A

Software that ensures colors remain the same regardless of the output device or medium used to display them.

A set of software technologies that seeks to match color across input, display and output devices by referencing their color behavior to a known standard by means of device profiles.

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11
Q

CIE

A

Commission International de l’ Eclairage

Worldwide scientific determination of color-helps industry compare and match colors.

Responsible for setting standards for color and color measurement.

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12
Q

Color Model

A

A set of rules and definitions that give a consistent language to people when they are defining and describing color. Color models serve as the language- CMYK, HSB, PMS, AND RGB.

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13
Q

Color Profile

A

Refers to the relationship between the color models of the system devices. Also called device profile.

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14
Q

Contrast

A

The difference in brightness between light and dark areas in an image.

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15
Q

DIC Device independent color

A

The goal of DIC is to provide an independent, universal standard against which color from all devices in a system can be referenced and matched.

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16
Q

File format

A

A format for encoding information in a file, such as the format in which a scanned picture is saved.

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17
Q

Hue

A

The distinctive property by which we perceive any chromatic color. Color described in terms of hue, is red, blue, green, etc.

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18
Q

JDF

A

Job Definition Format. Is an industry standard designed to simplify information exchange between different applications and systems in and around the graphic arts industry.

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19
Q

LPI

A

Lines per inch. The number of lines per inch on a halftone screen.

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20
Q

Neutral colors

A

Black and white -and levels of gray in between. These colors lack both hue and chroma, and also referred to as achromatic colors.

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21
Q

RGB

A

Red, Green, Blue-a color model known as the additive model, in which red, green, and blue are combined in various ways to create any other color.

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22
Q

RIP

A

Raster Image Processor- a device that converts fonts and graphics into bitmapped raster images, which are used by the printer to draw onto the page.

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23
Q

Saturation

A

The amount of color applied per unit area. Saturation refers to the amount of pigment as opposed to any measure of brightness.

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24
Q

Shade

A

A color with black added. A darker variant of that color.

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25
Q

Subtractive Color

A

Cyan, magenta, yellow are subtractive primary colors. They absorb light. What isn’t absorbed is reflected-and what appears to the human eye.

26
Q

Tint

A

Adding white to a chromatic color, thereby reducing the saturation.

27
Q

PODi

A

Is a not for profit industry formed in 1996. Foster the growth of the digital printing industry through market and standards development activities.

28
Q

Bit Depth

A

Also known as color resolution- refers to the number of possible colors in a digital image file.

  • Don’t confuse with image resolution.
  • Is the number of bits in each pixel.
  • 8 bit=256 colors
  • 4 bit=16 colors
  • 2 bit=4 colors
29
Q

Dithering

A

A way to make a few colors appear to be many colors

30
Q

1 bit color

A

The lowest number of colors per pixel in which a graphics file can be stored.

Each pixel is either black or white.

31
Q

8 bit color

A

Each pixel has eight bits assigned to it, providing 256 colors or shades of gray.

32
Q

Additive Colors

A

Red, Green, and Blue -add all three together and you get white.

33
Q

Bitmap

A

An image made up of dots, or pixels. Refers to a raster image, in which the image consists of rows or pixels rather than vector coordinates.

34
Q

Calibration

A

The act of adjusting the color of one device relative to another. Or, it may be the process of adjusting the color of one device to some established standard.

35
Q

Chroma

A

Chroma is made up of saturation + hue values, but separate from the luminance value. The color of an image element (pixel).

36
Q

CMS or Color Management System

A

A software program (or a software and hardware combination) designed to ensure color matching and calibration between video or computer monitors and any form of hard copy output.

37
Q

CMY

A

The three subtractive color primaries.

38
Q

Densitometer

A

A tool used to measure the amount of light that is reflected or transmitted by an object.

39
Q

Hue

A

A term used to describe the entire range of colors of the spectrum; hue is the component that determines just what color you are using.

40
Q

Saturation

A

The degree to which a color is undiluted by white light. If a color is 100% saturated, it contains no white light. If a color has no saturation, it is a shade of gray.

41
Q

GRACoL

A

Refers to the IDEAlliance Committee that began in 1996 as a graphics arts task force that was formed to develop a document containing general guidelines and recommendations that could be used as a reference source across the industry for quality color printing.

Will specify a definition for gray balance and recommend characterization data for commercial offset printing on a #1 coated sheet.

Goal is to specify a simple calibration process that will help the printers reliably achieve a close “visual match” from proof to press- it breaks from tradition by focusing on data for gray balance in mid-tones rather than on densitometric aims.

42
Q

Differences between PCL and PostScript

A

PCL was released over 15 years ago as a simpler, faster and less expensive alternative to PS based printers.

  • PCL has fewer features than PS
  • Both are page description languages-both describe how to print a page.
  • PCL does most of the rendering on the local workstation and the information is sent in essentially binary form to the printer (usually faster)
  • PCL usually lacks many of the complex drawing and scaling functions that are available in PS
  • PCL also utilizes less printer memory.
  • PS essentially sends a page description to the printers where it is rendered.
43
Q

Absolute Colorimetric Rendering

A

One of the four ICC specified rendering intents used for handling out-of-famut colors in color matching.

Rendering matches those colors in the source space that are inside the gamut of the target space exactly and clips out-of-gamut colors to the nearest reproducible hue, sacrificing lightness and saturations.

44
Q

Brightness

A

The degree to which a color sample appears to reflect light

45
Q

Cones and Rods

A

Cones: Allows the human eye to discriminate between different wavelengths of light

Rods: Primarily used in low-light and peripheral vision and do not contribute to color vision.

46
Q

Delta

A

A measurement of color difference.

47
Q

Color Space

A

A three-dimensional representation of the colors that can be produced by a color model.

48
Q

Color Model

A

A means of specifying color numerically, usually in terms of varying amounts of primary colors.

Examples: RGB, CMYK, and CIELAB,

49
Q

Gamut

A

The range of color a device can produce, or the range of color a color model can represent.

50
Q

HSB Color Model

A

A color model that describes color in terms of hue, saturation, and brightness.

51
Q

ICC

A

International Color Consortium

*A group of hardware and software vendors dedicated to developing cross-platform standards for color communications and consistency.

52
Q

ICC Profile

A

A standard format developed by the ICC for a data file that describes the color behavior of an input, display, or output device, or a color model, by referencing it to a device-independent color model such as CIE XYZ or CIELAB.

53
Q

metamerism

A

The phenomenon where two color samples appear to match under one light source, and differ under another.

54
Q

Perceptual Rendering

A

One of the four ICC specified rendering intents used for handling out-of-gamut colors in color matching.

It attempts to compress the gamut of the source space into the gamut of the destination space in such a way that the overall relationships between the colors- and hence the overall image appearance- is preserved, even though all the colors may change in the process.

55
Q

Pigment

A

An insoluble colorant (as opposed to dyes, which are soluble). Pigments generally have better fade-resistance and permanence than dyes.

56
Q

Primaries

A

The colors from which all other colors can be made.

57
Q

Relative Colorimetric Rendering

A

One of the four ICC specified rendering intents used for handling out-of-gamut colors in color matching.

*Rendering first scales the white of the source space to the white of the target space, adjusting all other colors relative to that white. Then it matches the adjusted colors in the source space that are inside the gamut of the target space exactly, and clips out-of-gamut colors to the nearest reproducible hue, sacrificing lightness and saturations.

58
Q

Rendering Intent

A

A method of handling out-of-gamut colors when matching one color space to another.

1) Perceptual
2) Absolute Colormetric
3) Relative Colormetric
4) Saturation

59
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

An instrument that measures the amount of light a color sample reflects or transmits at each wavelength, producing spectral data.

60
Q

Red+green=

A

Yellow

61
Q

Red+Blue=

A

Magenta

62
Q

Green+Blue=

A

Cyan

Color (5 decks)

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