Colonial North America: 1690-1754

Question 1

What was the purpose of the earliest American universities?

Answer 1

Most universities existed to train candidates for the ministry. Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1694), and Yale (1701) were the first three American universities. During the Great Awakening, Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers, Brown, and Dartmouth Universities were founded as “New Light” colleges.

Question 2

The European intellectual movement known as the _____ emphasized rationalism.

Answer 2

Enlightenment
Instead of explaining human problems through religion, rationalism was a belief that all problems could be solved through deductive reasoning and scientific inquiry.

Question 3

Deism

Answer 3

Deism is the belief that a god exists, but that he chooses not to intervene in actions or events in the universe.

Question 4

Who was John Locke?

Answer 4

John Locke was an English Enlightenment thinker, who theorized that although government was supreme, it was required to follow certain natural laws; rights to which all human beings were entitled, simply by virtue of their humanity. Any infringement of these rights justified the overthrow of that government.
Locke’s natural laws appear in the Declaration of Independence, which states that “mankind is endowed with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

Question 5

natural law

Answer 5

First expounded by John Locke, the principle of natural law claimed that merely by his existence, man was endowed with rights which could not be taken or abridged by government.
Natural law’s principles provided a justification for the American Revolution, and were listed in the Declaration of Independence. (“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”)

Question 6

Why did James II establish the Dominion of New England?

Answer 6

James II established the Dominion of New England in response to continued defiance of the Navigation Acts. Resistance to the Acts was particularly acute among the Dutch residents of New York and New Jersey.

Question 7

How did the Great Awakening impact the American Revolution?

Answer 7

The Great Awakening revivalists claimed that all men were equal before God. This egalitarian principle led many to question the monarchy and to espouse democracy.
In addition, the Great Awakening revivals took place throughout the American colonies, providing a shared, unifying experience.

Question 8

What was the effect of the Great Awakening on American religion?

Answer 8

The Great Awakening led to splits among American religious groups between the Old Lights and the New Lights. Several Christian groups, including Presbyterians and Methodists, formed their own congregations.

Question 9

Who was the most famous American Enlightenment figure?

Answer 9

Benjamin Franklin
Admired on both sides of the Atlantic, Franklin invented bifocals and a centralized stove, experimented with electricity, published an influential newspaper, and wrote the famous Poor Richard’s Almanack, as well as numerous essays, including Fart Proudly.
Franklin was also one of the founders of the University of Pennsylvania, the first secular university in the colonies.

Question 10

During and after the Great Awakening, the American religious community was divided between “Old Lights” and “New Lights.” What was the difference between the two?

Answer 10

Old Lights rejected the Great Awakening, preferring more staid and formalistic religious preaching, while the New Lights were more evangelical and embraced the principle of joy in one’s relationship with God.
The New Lights believed that man himself could talk directly to God, without the intervention of a priest or pastor.

Question 11

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

Answer 11

The Albany Plan of Union was proposed by Benjamin Franklin. Seven colonies sent representatives to Albany in 1754, with the intention of organizing resistance to attacks by the Iroquois Confederacy.
Although Franklin’s call for an intercolonial government with the power to raise taxes for common defense was rejected by the seven colonial legislatures, it marked the first attempt to organize the colonies.

Question 12

Who was John Peter Zenger?

Answer 12

John Peter Zenger was a newspaper publisher who printed statements critical of New York’s governor in 1734. Libel law provided that one who published critical statements could be jailed, regardless of whether the statements were true. Despite this law’s existence, a jury found Zenger innocent.
The Zenger trial did much to establish freedom of the press in the colonies.

Question 13

What was the purpose of the earliest American universities?

Answer 13

Most universities existed to train candidates for the ministry. Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1694), and Yale (1701) were the first three American universities. During the Great Awakening, Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers, Brown, and Dartmouth Universities were founded as “New Light” colleges.

Question 14

What was the colonies’ response to the Dominion of New England in 1686?

Answer 14

Since the Dominion of New England did away with the representative assemblies which governed the individual colonies, many of the colonists felt that the Dominion impeded upon their right of self-government, and they accordingly viewed the Dominion negatively.

Question 15

Between 1700 and 1750, the population in the American colonies increased from 250,000 to 1,250,000. From where did most immigrants arrive?

Answer 15

Although many immigrants still came from England, a significant portion of the population was Scottish, German, or Scotch-Irish (settlers who’d been removed from Ireland back to Scotland in the 16th century).
The black population also rose, and by 1750 numbered 200,000.

Question 16

How was voting limited in the American colonies?

Answer 16

Women and blacks were completely barred from voting. White males were restricted from voting unless they owned property. Most candidates for public office came from the upper levels of society, and power was restricted to a privileged few.
Despite these restrictions, life in the American colonies was more democratic than in Europe.

Question 17

How was local government in the North different from that of the South?

Answer 17

In the North, farms were smaller and closer to towns. Thus, the common form of government was the town meeting, which resolved public issues by a direct vote.
In the South, farms and plantations were far from one another, and government was usually established in the form of an elected sheriff and officials who would serve a wide area.

Question 18

What percentage of the population lived in rural areas in 1750?

Answer 18

Approximately 90% of North America’s population was rural with people living on small farms.
In the North, poor soil conditions for growing crops meant that most farmers lived in poverty. In the South, many poorer farms owned no slaves, but larger plantations used slaves to farm cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Question 19

What was the experience of women in the American colonies?

Answer 19

Women in the American colonies had few legal rights; most women could not own property and could not vote. Some 50% of colonial women died in childbirth.
In the South especially, marriage was looked upon as a business transaction; a woman’s father was approached regarding marriage and the woman (often as young as age 14) was rarely consulted.

Question 20

How did the American colonies participate in King George’s War (1739-1748)?

Answer 20

During King George’s War, which was fought in North America by the British against France and Spain, American forces fought by the side of the British and endured many casualties.
In 1745, an army led by William Pepperrell, and composed solely of soldiers from New England, captured Louisbourg, a French fortress in Nova Scotia. Louisbourg was returned to the French in 1748, much to the chagrin of the American colonies

Question 21

What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

Answer 21

During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Catholic King James II was deposed, and Protestants William and Mary were named by Parliament as co-regents. By deposing King James II, and naming monarchs of their choosing, Parliament demonstrated a willingness to act independently of the British monarchy.

Question 22

What was the immediate effect of the Glorious Revolution on the American colonies?

Answer 22

In North America, the Glorious Revolution meant the end of the Dominion of New England. During the Boston Revolt of 1689, Edmund Andros was deposed and sent back to England.
Rumor has it that Edmund Andros attempted to escape from New England attired in a dress.

Question 23

What was the Stono Rebellion?

Answer 23

In 1739, 100 slaves killed several plantation owners in South Carolina, resulting in harsher slave regulations. The slaves’ primary motivation was to flee to Florida, where the Spanish offered freedom.
The Stono Rebellion marked the largest pre-Revolution slave uprising. Fearful because they were outnumbered by their slaves, whites in South Carolina and elsewhere used the Rebellion as an excuse to enact harsher slave regulations.

Question 24

What was the Halfway Covenant?

Answer 24

As the children of Puritans increasingly displayed more concern with making money than with creating a god-fearing society, some Puritans established the Halfway Covenant, which allowed for a more limited church membership with minimal Puritan restrictions.
The establishment of the Halfway Covenant represented an end to the Puritans’ near-monopoly on religious worship in the New England colonies. In part, the decline of the Puritan churches paved the way for the Great Awakening

Question 25

How did the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 restrict trade?

Answer 25

Passed by Parliament, and justified under the principle of mercantilism, the Navigation Acts required that all trade with the American colonies was to take place in British or American ships. All goods imported to the colonies and certain goods exported to Europe had to pass through English ports first.

Question 26

Why was the colony of Georgia established?

Answer 26

Georgia was the last of the 13 original colonies.In England, debtors who couldn’t repay their loans were commonly imprisoned. It was established as a haven for debtors and to provide a buffer between prosperous South Carolina and the Spanish possessions in Florida.

Question 27

In 1675, _____ led a war against white settlers in New England, in which some 2,000 settlers lost their lives.

Answer 27

King Philip
Philip was a chief of the Wampanoag tribe, and his attack on the rapidly expanding New England settlements marked the last large-scale Indian resistance to colonization in New England.

Question 28

What is salutary neglect?

Answer 28

A term often used to describe the British colonial policies during King George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of self-government in North America.

Question 29

What is gentility?

Answer 29

A refined style of living and elaborate manners that can to be highly prized among well to do English families post 1600’s. This characterization and style was often imitated by Southern upper class colonists.

Question 30

In which colonies did the Glorious Revolution spark colonial rebellions against royal governments?

Answer 30

Massachusetts, Maryland and New York

Question 31

Who was James Oglethorpe?

Answer 31

British visionary, social reformer and military leader who became the founder of the colony of Georgia.

Question 32

Who was King Philip?

Answer 32

Better known as Metacom, chief of the Wamponag tribe in the Massachusetts area. King Philip became his adopted name as he tried to assimilate into the English colonial society, however, further encroachments on native land in 1675 led to a resistance led by Metacom. Known as King Philip’s War, this resistance relied upon the alliance of several native tribes, however, Metacom was eventually killed and his head put on a spike where it was publicly displayed for approximately two decades.

Question 33

What was the Dominion of New England?

Answer 33

An administrative union of the New England colonies under James II governed by Sir Edmund Andros. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists as it stripped away traditional rights. It was a very large area, too large for one governor to govern, especially as Sir Edmund Andros was highly unpopular with the colonists. Once word spread of the Glorious Revolution and the removal of James II from his throne in England, the Dominion was overthrown.

Question 34

What was the Freehold Society in New England?

Answer 34

Society in which men held the power in the state and the authority in the household; women were seen as “dutiful helpmates” while caring for the rearing and educating of the children. Women’s lives were tightly bound by a web of legal and cultural restrictions, they were excluded from an equal role in the church and overall abided by the rule that they should only be employed in the home doing women’s work.

Question 35

Deist

Answer 35

A follower of the Enlightenment-influenced belief that a Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws.

Question 36

Revival

Answer 36

An outburst of religious enthusiasm, often prompted by the preaching of a charismatic Baptist or Methodist minister. The Great Awakening of the 1740s was significant, but it was the revival that swept across the United States between the 1790s and 1850s that imparted a deep religiosity to the culture. Its roots do in fact lay in the 1st Great Awakening.