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bioenergetics 2 iii > colloquium 1 ii > Flashcards

colloquium 1 ii Flashcards

1
Q

enolphosphate

A

-61.9 metabolite of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
phosphoenolpyruvate

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2
Q

acylphosphate

A

-49.3 metabolite of glycolysis and glucongenesis
1,3 biphosphoglycerate

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3
Q

guanidine phosphate

A

-43 reserve macroergic compound sin the muscles
Creation phosphate

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4
Q

thioester

A

-31.4 metabolites of beta oxidation
Acetyl-CoA

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5
Q

pyrophosphate

A

-32.2 -30 Gkj/mol activation of substrate by phosphorylation
ATP ADP

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6
Q

What is a high energy bond?

A

A bond in which degradation the change of the standard free energy is at least 30kJ/mol up to 70kJ/mol

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7
Q

How many phosphate bonds does ATP have? draw them and what are the names of them

A

alpha, Beta and gamma
alpha is ordinary ester
beta and gamma are high energy
gamma is most often used

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8
Q

Conjunction of process

A

Endogenic reaction cannot occur if the exergenic reaction is not performed with it

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9
Q

What is ATP role

A

central role because of its intermediate value of free energy.
allows ADP to absorb energy from the richer macroergic compound and ATP to transfer it to the normoergic ones

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10
Q

What is free energy?

A

The energy needed for work to be done

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11
Q

What are the 3 steps of metabolism?

A

Degradation of biopolymers
Conversion of monomers to acetyl CoA
Degradation of acetyl CoA in the citrate

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12
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reversible oxido-reduction between NADP/NADPH

A

transhydrogenase

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13
Q

Which cofactor has a higher redox potential that nicotinamide redox system?

A

flavin redox system

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14
Q

How many forms does ubiquinone (KoQ) have?
What is it attached to?
What does it do?

A

reduced, semiquinone, oxidized
the semiquinone for is attached to a Q- protein
receives electrons from 1 and 2 complex of the RC

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15
Q

What are the different types of cytochromes?

A

c,bc1, aa3

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16
Q

what regulates complex 1?

A

barbiturates and rotenone

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17
Q

what regulates complex 2?

A

malinate

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18
Q

What regulates complex 3?

A

antimyocin A

19
Q

what regulates complex 4?

A

potassium cyanide, cardon monoxide

20
Q

thiol redox-system example

A

lipoic acid - active form= lipoamine
glutathione

21
Q

What is a cofactor of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase?

A

Glutathione the oxidized form GSSG connected by a disulfide bridge.
GSH y-glutamyl-cysteinylglycine

22
Q

What does vitamin C do?

A

activates the absorption of iron
reductant and antioxidant
participates in catabolic tryrosine degradation and anabolic pathways noradrenine synthesis

23
Q

Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

A

1) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate binds to -SH in the enzyme (dehydrogenase). coenzymes is NAD+
2) the aldehyde group of the substance is oxidized, high energy thioester bond. redox system is reduced
3)thioester bond is converted to acylphosphate

24
Q

Enolase reaction

A

1)enolphosphate macroerngic bond is obtained
2)teh transfer of the macroergic phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP is an irreversible reaction, pyruvate kinase
3)water is released and energy

25
Q

What is TPP

A

thiomine pyrophosphate

26
Q

What is allosteric regulation in pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

high value of the ratios ATP,NADH

27
Q

How is NADH formed

A

1)dehydrogenation of substrates in the mitochondrial matrix
2)oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids
3)through the malate shuttle

28
Q

What is thermogenic

A

1)An uncoupling protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane in brown adipose tissue
2)Provides a path for protons without passing through Fo fragment of ATP synthase
3)Therefore the energy is released as heat not ATP

29
Q

How is heat production in brown adipose tissue activation?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline
the activated G-proteins –> activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase–>catalyses the synthesis of the second messager cAMP from ATP–>cAMP activates protein kinase —> phosphorylates and activates hormone sensitive lipase–> lipolysis is enhanced and the fatty acids activate action of thermogenin

30
Q

What is the main function of shortened ETC for desaturation of fatty acids

A

conversion of saturated fatty acids into unsaturated
cyt.b5

31
Q

What is the main function of shortened ETC for hydroxylation

A

hydroxylation of substances
cyt.p450

32
Q

What are the different types of hydroxylation

A

1) Non specific = to neutralise any foreign substance to the cell (xenobiotics) in liver
2)Specific =in the adreal cortex, synthesis of steroid hormones, synthesis of bile acids, synthesis of vit D3
3)

33
Q

How is a Reactive Oxygen Species formed?

A

the gradual reduction of oxygen with a single electron lead to the sequential formation of SUPEROXIDE ANION RADICAL, h2o2,and hydroxyl free radical

34
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

damage proteins, lead to lipid peroxidation and modification in nucleic acid, therefore toxic to cells

35
Q
A
36
Q

What are the vitamins used in the TCA.

A

b1 in TPP
b2 in FAD
b3 in NAD
b5 in CoA

37
Q

What regulates TCA?

A

citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

38
Q

Examples of allosteric inhibitors and activators in the TCA

A

inhibitors- ATP,NADH
activators - ADP, NAD+, Ca2+

39
Q

in the RC how many ATP molecules does NADH, FADH2, at substrate level release
and all together in the kreb cycle how many?

A

NADH 3x3= 9
FADH2 = 2
substrate= 1
total =12

40
Q

What are glucogenic aa

A

AA which can be converted to pyruvate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumerate and oxaloacetate

41
Q

What mixed AA

A

aa which are both glucogenic and ketogenic, these are isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosin

42
Q

What are ketogenic AA

A

aa can be converted to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, ketone bodies and synthesises from them

43
Q

Regulation of TCA

A

1)citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
2) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)
3) decreases with a lack of substrates or Oxaloacetate is a limiting metabolite for the cycle
4) oxaloacetate in excess inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
5)acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase
6) citrate phosphofructokinase-1 inhibitor and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activator

44
Q

Anaplerotic reactions are …

A

1) carried out to avoid stopping the cycle
2) links between TCA and glycolysis
3) pyruvate converted to malate to oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA

bioenergetics 2 iii (1 decks)

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