Colligative Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ideal solution?

A

it can be defined as one in which there is no change in the properties of the components, other than dilution, when they are mixed to form a solution

no heat is evolved or absorbed during the mixing process
no shrinking or expansion occurs when the substances are mixed = no transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is escaping tendency?

A

two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when their T are the same

if T1>T2 heat will flow from the hotter (T1) to the colder (T2)

the heat in body 1 has a greater escaping tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of vapour pressure of a solution?

A

quantitative expression of escaping tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to reduce the escaping tendency of a solution?

A

if an external force was applied that could keep the molecules down then escaping tendency would decrease/be diminished

the lower the pressure on the surface, the easier it is for molecules to escape

example - CFCs propellants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are adhesion and cohesion?

A

adhesion - forces between different compounds

cohesion - forces between the same compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can the forces in an ideal solution be described?

A

there is complete uniformity of attractive forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can the forces in a real solution be described?

A

there are 2 possibilities

positive deviation
- adhesion between A and B is weaker than cohesion between A and A/B and B
- above the ideal graph
negative deviation
- adhesion between A and B is stronger than cohesion between A and A/B and B
- below the ideal graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are colligative properties?

A

collected properties = property of the solution

- depends on the number of solute particles present rather than on the nature of the constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 4 factors affecting colligative properties?

A

Vapour pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point elevation
Osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is vapour pressure lowering?

A

vapour pressure - pressure exerted by molecules on the container and liquid surface while in vapour phase

adding solute decreases vapour pressure

  • solvent become less volatile
  • solute-solvent interactions contribute to this effect

vapour pressure of a solution < vapour pressure of a pure solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the equation for vapour pressure lowering?

A

change in vapour pressure = original vapour pressure x mole fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is normal boiling point?

A

the T at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure

760mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of lowering vapour pressure on boiling point and freezing point?

A

decreases freezing point

increases boiling point

  • adding solute lowers vapour pressure
  • a solution boils at a higher temperature than pure solvents
  • T must be increased to achieve boiling point
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does osmosis occur? What is osmotic pressure?

A

a semi-permeable membrane separates a solution from a solvent

the membrane only allows the solvent molecules to pass through not the solute

the solvent passes through into the solution and dilutes it

osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to stop osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are there different formulas for electrolytes and non-electrolytes in osmotic pressure?

A

electrolytes - dissociate into ions
non-electrolytes - do not dissociate into ions

if a solute dissociates into ions then each ion contributes to the osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do bacteria, mould and yeast react to osmotic pressure?

A

bacteria respond slowly to osmotic pressure

  • hypertonic = become plasmolysed
  • hypotonic = may burst

mould and yeast are more tolerant to changes in osmotic pressure (high osmotic pressure)

17
Q

What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?

A

both are concentration
osmoles - amount of moles osmotically
osmolarity - moles per litre
osmolality - moles per kg

18
Q

What does iso-osmotic/isotonic mean?

A
two solutions with the same osmotic pressure 
important for 
- injections 
- infusions 
- eye medication (drops)
19
Q

What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic?

A

hypertonic - higher solute concentration in solution
isotonic - equal concentration in cell and solution
hypotonic - higher solute concentration in cell