Colligative

Question 1

In 1880’s French Chemist __________discovered that when a substance is dissolved in a solution, the vapor pressure of the solution will generally decrease.

Answer 1

François-Marie Raoult

Question 2

a solvent’s partial vapor pressure in a solution (or mixture) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.

Answer 2

Raoult’s Law

Question 3

describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.

Answer 3

Boiling-point elevation

Question 4

This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.

Answer 4

Boiling-point elevation

Question 5

is a drop in the temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added.

Answer 5

Freezing-point depression

Question 6

The system and surroundings are separated by a ______.

Answer 6

boundary

Question 7

Everything outside of the boundary is considered the _______, which would include the container itself.

Answer 7

surroundings

Question 8

Mid-19th-century experiments performed by Englishman __________ and others, however, showed a strong connection between the transfer of energy by heat in thermal processes and the transfer of energy by work in mechanical processes

Answer 8

James Joule

Question 9

The _______ law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of thermal equilibrium.

Answer 9

Zeroth

Question 10

Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of heat between them when they are brought into thermal contact.

Answer 10

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Question 11

“Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system, are in thermal equilibrium with each other. ”

Answer 11

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Question 12

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in a system of constant mass, although it may be converted from one form to another. ”

Answer 12

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 13

is an extension of the law of conservation of energy, meaning that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

Answer 13

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 14

1KJ=

Answer 14

1000 J

Question 15

1 cal =

Answer 15

4.184 J

Question 16

1 Cal =

Answer 16

1000 cal

Question 17

“Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.”

Answer 17

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Rodulf Clausius)

Question 18

“It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.”

Answer 18

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Lord Kelvin)

Question 19

“Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased. In the limit, i.e. for reversible processes, the sum of the entropies remains unchanged.”

Answer 19

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck)

Question 20

“As the energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it, is wasted. Basically restricts the inter-conversion between heat and work.”

Answer 20

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 21

T or F. The entropy of any isolated system always increases

Answer 21

True

Question 22

T or F. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T or F. the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated system) only decreases and never increases.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

The measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. The concept of _____ provides deep insight into the direction of spontaneous change for many everyday phenomena.

Answer 24

entropy

Question 25

“The entropy of a system approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolute zero.”

Answer 25

The third law of Thermodynamics

Question 26

___________ in chemistry, the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is often expressed in terms of either the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time.

Answer 26

Reaction rate

Question 27

, says that atoms, ions, and molecules can form a chemical bond when they collide, provided the particles have enough kinetic energy. Particles lacking the necessary kinetic energy to react still collide, but simply bounce.

Answer 27

Collision theory

Question 28

___________- is a barrier that the reactants must cross to be converted to products.

Answer 28

activation energy

Question 29

Molecules must collide with the proper orientation. A collision that meets these two criteria, and that results in a chemical reaction, is known as a _______________________

Answer 29

successful collision or an effective collision

Question 30

T or F. Molecules must collide before they can react

Answer 30

True

Question 31

T or F. Usually, raising the temperature speeds up a reaction. Lowering the temperature usually slows reactions down.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T or F. At lower temperatures, the motions of the reactant particles are more chaotic and more energetic than at higher temperatures.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

T or F. The number of reacting particles in a given volume doesn’t affect the rate at which reactions occur.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

T or F. Cramming more particles into a fixed volume increases the collision frequency. Therefore increasing the concentration of reactants increases the reaction rate.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

T or F. The total surface area of a solid or liquid reactant has an important effect on the reaction rate.

Answer 35

True