College week 1/2/3 Flashcards
In chapter 1 the writer is talking about how the news media is “indexing”, what is the definition of indexing in this way?
They thought about a parliament, the person who controls the agenda determines whether we are going to vote about something. While setting the frame is, when it comes to a decision, who has which preferences, which make them vote either in favor of or against this.
It can happen that people have first media power and later political power.
It can lead that when on tv, the topic can be about what weird you are saying instead of your celebrity status once you get on television, like famke louise.
Does the fact that prominent opposition leaders (Wilders, Marijnissen, Farage, Biden during Trump) don’t get the same front opportunities as easily not obstruct democracy?
Less preference of coverage, because they place themselves outside the mainstream of politics, generally if you place yourself outside the mainstream, it is more difficult to get coverage also because you are seen as less powerful. Like Trump, not playing by the traditional rules, and in the end get enough coverage to get by, this also relates in a way to the propaganda model.
Wat is het tweede principe van wolfsfeld?:
- When authorities lose control over the political environment, they also lose control over the news
Which elements are part of the ‘political environment’?
Control over events
information and concensus
What are the three elements of media logic?
Professionalism, commercialism, technology
What are the three elements of political logic?
Polity, policy, politics
What is self-mediatization?
Politicians adapt to media logic by making their actions or views more newsworthy.
What are the negative consequences of mediatization according to Blumer?
- Lack of informed scrutiny (control)
- Little attention for systematic problems
- Stereotypical depiction of out-groups
What is media logic:
Norms and routines that shape how people act within an institution Divided in 3 aspects: - Professionalism - Commercialism - Media technology
Media companies as commercial entities –> make profit, be competitive
- Commercial logic: need to be competitive
- Market for attention, subscription, advertisements
- Dominant underlying rationale for many news routines
Wat is political logic:
The public face, tactics and strategies for winning political support and publicity of a political group, according to mediatization, is negotiated with the logic of the medium
- Polity
- Policy
- Politics
Poorly conceptualized in mediatization literature.
It is vote seeking, policy seeking
- Policy goal
- Electoral goal
Normative logic:
Idealized view of what should be for the well-being of a democratic society
- Imperative of problem solving
- Value orientated
- Elitist
- Supply-driven
Market logic
Maximization of self-interested goals (circulation, profit, votes, office)
- Imperative of newsworthiness
- Audience-oriented
- Populist
- Demand-driven
How to define them so they can be juxtaposed?
Media practices:
Media content mainly guided by political logic or media logic
Political practices:
Political actors, organizations and institution mainly guided by political logic or by media logic
Which politicians would you call populist?
top 3: Baudet, trump, wilders
What qualities or policies define a populist?
- the public vs the elite
- for the people, against the elite
- Charisma
- Racist
- Being against everything
What is the relation between populism and social media?
- Symbiotic
- Platform to reach people
- SM echo chambers
Populism:
Is this a communication style or a political platform?
Populism as a communication phenomenon Features of populist communication style: - Simplistic - Extremist - Opportunistic “us vs them”
Political platform:
Populism through the media:
- Populist communication news/shareworthy
- Journalist afraid of being cast as elite -> Media offer platform for populist communication
Populism by the media
- Media make often populist statements themselves
So media are a platform but also a direct communication actor.
Which norms did the Hutchins committee see as part of responsible journalism?
- Open debate
- Diverse views
- Factual accuracy
- Watchdog against government abuse
What statements describe the public logic of news?
News organizations act from professional values, from an idea for what is good for the citizens in the public should know
Market logic?
News organizations compete for attention from the public
and publish where the public is interested in.
- Commercial logic
- Electoral logic
What statement does describe the typical current (neo-)populist?
- Their simple/extremist messages resonate well with news values
- They claim to represent the people
- They are against the elite and against outsiders
In populism literature, how does a neo-populist differ from earlier populists?
- They are against out-groups as well as against elites.
What was a result of the Wells et al study?
Trump got significantly more media coverage the days(s) after he retweeted a lot.
Can objective news exist (according to Wolfsfeld)?
- NO
Why is news always the result of choices?
- Journalists need to choose what to cover (limited space)
- Journalists need to choose which viewpoint/frame to use
- Journalists need to choose which terms to use to describe something
How does ‘cultural bias’ differ from ‘ideological bias’?
- Ideological bias is about individual media or journalists, cultural bias is about all news in a culture
What is Boukes/Vliegenthart Arts’s main finding?
- News values differ between media types
Entman: To frame is to emphasize aspects or reality to promote a particular … (list aspects of his definition):
- problem definition
- moral evaluation
- causal interpretation
- treatment recommendation
When wolfsfeld talks about ‘a good story’, what does he mean?
- A story that people want to read
What kind of news is central in the ‘Spiral of Cynicism’?
- Negative news: because people are cynical, they want to hear negative news about politics, but because the news is negative, they also become more cynical.
- Game frames: one of the main ways people become cynical is because politics is portrayed as a game, they are not in there for the good of the country, but in there to win the political game. The game frame is stressing the electoral logic, the market logic, instead of stressing the public logic that they are doing something good for the country.
What is meant by the ‘rally around the flag’ effect?
- Is about conflict/war coverage, that when a war breaks out the norm of balance reporting goes out of the window.
- At the start of a conflict, journalism and politics supports the government uncritically
Which hypotheses were confirmed by Whichnewski et al?
- H1: Proximity, conflict and Human interest increases shareworthiness
- H3: Human interest increases shareworthiness in retweets ( and had an significant effect on retweets)
What is the effect of social/digital media, media fragmentation?
Fragmentation of the media landscape:
- From (relatively homogeneous) ‘national news’ on tv / selected newspapers to mainstream, niche, social, algorithmic news
- Selective exposure: people consume media that match their interes
- Uninterested citizens select away from political news (knowledge gap)
- Attitude formation and reinforcement are important effects
- Political information is broader than just news
- Selective exposure / filter bubbles
- Technology is not determinist
What is the effect of social/digital media, media fragmentation?
Fragmentation of the media landscape:
- From (relatively homogeneous) ‘national news’ on tv / selected newspapers to mainstream, niche, social, algorithmic news
- Selective exposure: people consume media that match their interes
- Uninterested citizens select away from political news (knowledge gap)
- Attitude formation and reinforcement are important effects
- Political information is broader than just news
- Selective exposure / filter bubbles
- Technology is not determinist
