College Network Flashcards
Strabismus
Disorder in which both eyes don’t look in the same direction all the time. (Cross-eye)
This physician and psychologist focused on biophysical development and is sometimes referred to as the “father of growth and development”.
Arnold Gesell
What are the 3 parts of a person based on Freud’s work?
Id: seeks pleasure, avoids pain
Superego: conscience
Ego: balances the needs of Id and superego
What was Robert Peck’s developmental focus?
He focused on Erik Erikson’s “integrity vs. despair” stage of life for older adults.
Roger Gould focused on which aspect of psychosocial development?
7 phases of Adult development
Developmental theorist Havighurst organized his development model on what?
Age periods and certain developmental tasks that should be accomplished during that time.
What are the 4 phases of Piagets cognitive development model?
Sensorimotor: 0-2 years
Pre-operational: 2-7 years
Concrete Operational: 7-11 years
Formal Operational: 11-15 years
Based on Piagets cognitive development model, what are the 3 abilities a child uses in processing information?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Adaptation
What are the 3 phases of moral development according to Kohlberg?
Pre conventional
Conventional
Post conventional
Who was the research assistant of Kohlberg who adapted his theory to be more broad and focus on women?
Carol Gilligan
Name 2 psychologists who focused on Spiritual development?
Fowler
Westerhoff
Eruption of permanent teeth is usually complete by what age?
15
At what age does menarche begin?
10-16
What is one natural solution that has been found to help the symptoms of colic?
Chamomile tea up to 3x per day.
Amblyopia
Decreased visual acuity in one eye.
Lazy eye w/ decreased vision due to improper development.
What time of year is most prevalent for RSV?
Late fall to early spring
The 3rd leading cause of death in children (infants?) is?
SIDS
What bacteria contributes to dental caries?
Streptococcus mutans
1st and 2nd leading causes of death in young adults in the USA?
MVA’s
Suicide
What time of year is most prevalent for RSV?
Late fall to early spring
The 3rd leading cause of death in children (infants?) is?
SIDS
Leading cause of death for adults 25-64.
Cancer
List the 4 categories of elderly and the associated age range.
Young old: 65-75
Old: 75-85
Old-old: 85-100
Elite Old: over 100
Spiritual development takes place in 7 sequential steps/phases and each stage develops from a combination of knowledge and values.
Which spiritual developmental psychologist proposed this?
Fowler
Spiritual development is a 4 phase process heavily dependent on the practices of one’s family.
Which spiritual development psychologist proposed this?
Westerhoff
How were the goals identified in Healthy People 2020 selected?
They were the areas with the best current data available and also the areas which there is the greatest likelihood of effecting change.
What are the 4 non-pharmacological areas of nursing focusing on comfort?
Physical
Psychospiritual
Social
Environmental
Itching of the skin, with or without a rash.
Pruritis
Relaxation techniques have proven effective in relieving lower back pain, but evidence does not support the relief of ?
Post-operative pain
Behavior that facilitates effective communication: Facing the person squarely Adopting an open posture Lean toward the client Maintain eye contact Stay relaxed
Physical attending
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation is believed to help with pain control how?
By stimulating non nociceptive receptors in the same area.
When dealing with comfort measures, what 3 general types of issues must be considered during the outcomes identification phase?
Health promotion
Health maintenance
Health restoration
Noxious stimuli
Painful stimuli
What type of drug is tegretol?
Anticonvulsant. May help with neuropathic pain.
What is one of the endogenous proteins that acts on nociceptors, causing release of histamine, vasodilation, inflammation, and also stimulates the release of prostaglandin which enhances the sensitivity of nociceptors.
Bradykinin
Pain travels on A-fibers and C-fibers; which is myelinated?
A-fibers are larger, myelinated, deliver faster conducted impulses and are typically associated with sharp, pricking pain.
When pain travels along the A and C fibers, into which part of the spinal cord do they end?
Dorsal horn
Name 2 endogenous opioids.
Endorphins
Enkephalins
What are the 3 steps of the WHO “ladder of pain control”?
- Non-opioid NSAID
- Weak opioid
- Strong opioid
The current accepted “balanced” practice of pain control is called:
Multi-modal analgesia
PRN
Pro re nata (as needed)
PCA
Patient controlled analgesia
Duragesic
Fentanyl pain patch
Occurring within or administered into the outer layer of the spinal dura
Intrathecal
Aleve
Naproxen
Dysesthesia
Burning or cutting pain
What type of drug is carbamazepine?
Anticonvulsant
QUESST approach to pediatric pain assessment
Question the child Use a pain rating scale Evaluate behavioral/physiological changes Secure parents involvement Take the cause of pain into account Take actions, evaluate results
What’s a good rule of thumb for starting a pain control regimen for elderly?
Start low, go slow.
What are the 9 phases of the chronic illness trajectory model?
Pretrajectory: at risk
Trajectory phase: initial occurrence of symptoms
Stable Phase: usually officially diagnosed and well managed.
Unstable Phase: recurring symptoms, complications
Acute Phase: severe or unrelieved symptoms w/hospitalization
Crisis Phase: critical, life threatening
Comeback phase: recovery after an acute event
Downward Phase: deterioration despite interventions
Dying Phase:
Talcott Parsons proposed 4 components of the “sick role”
Name them
- Sickness exempts one from normal social roles
- Sick person is not responsible for the illness
- Sick person has an obligation to get well
- Sick person has an obligation to seek and receive competent care.
What are the 3 phases of adjusting to a chronic illness?
Shock, denial, disbelief
Adjustment
Reintegration and Acknowledgement
What are the 5 stages of grief proposed by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
What are the 6 stages of grief proposed by George Engel?
Shock & Disbelief Developing Awareness Restitution Resolving the loss Idealization Outcome
What are the 3 phases of grief proposed by Rondo?
Avoidance
Confrontation
Accommodation
If on life support, how long must a brain be inactive (flat encephalogram) before pronouncing death?
24hrs
As a person is nearing death, it is not uncommon for congestion to occur, causing the “death rattle”. Auctioning isn’t recommended as it can actually increase secretions. What is one drug that may be given for this?
Scopolamine transdermal patches or other anticholinergics.
Approximately when does rigor mortis set in and how long does it last?
Sets in approx. 2-4hrs after death and ends approx. 96hrs after death.
Gradual cooling of the body after death.
Algor mortis
What are the 3 types of “awareness” regarding an impending death?
Closed awareness: client or family may not be informed
Mutual pretense: everyone knows but it’s not discussed
Open awareness:
Gustatory stimuli
Taste
An awareness of an object’s size, shape, and texture based on touch alone.
Stereognosis
The part of the brain stem involved in arousal/alertness.
RAS
Reticular activating system
The stapes attaches to which membrane connecting it to the inner ear?
The oval window
The eustachean tube connects what?
The middle ear to the pharynx
What fluid is in the cochlea?
Perilymph
What is the structure that converts the movement of hairs in the cochlea into an electrical impulse sent to the brain?
The organ of corti
Age related hearing loss associated with the inner ear or nerves.
Presbycusis
Age related balance problems
Presbystasis
Presbyvertigo
Sensation of fullness or pain in the ear due to cerumen impaction.
Otalgia
Masses of the external ear or small bony protrusions usually found in the lower posterior portion of the ear canal.
Exostoses
What external product has been identified as a significant contributor to acute otitis media?
Second hand smoke.
Numbing of the tympanic membrane with a subsequent incision to drain purulent discharge.
Myringotomy
Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes.
Nystagmus
These disease has a triad of symptoms
- Vertigo
- Tinnitus
- Fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
Ménière’s disease
Labyrinthitis
Bacterial or viral infection of the inner ear
Cranial nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Anatomy of the eye: a ring of tissue that supports the lens
Ciliary body
Anterior compartment of eye is filled with?
Aqueous humor
Posterior eye is filled with the gelatinous….
Vitreous humor
Focal point of retina
Fovea centralis
Absence of refractive errors
Emmetropia
Nearsightedness
Myopia
Low vision
BCVA - best corrected visual acuity of 20/70-20/200
Chronic, degenerative disorder involving pigmentation of the retina.
Macular degeneration
What are the 2 types of AMD (age related macular degeneration)?
Dry AMD: more common, slower onset
Wet AMD: less common, more sudden
Tiny yellow spots on the retina commonly seen with macular degeneration.
Drusen
An opaque or cloudy section in the lens of the eye.
Cataract
Increased intaocular pressure caused by congestion of aqueous humor.
Glaucoma
The Goldman three mirror evaluation is used for suspected…
Retinal detachment
- Infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid margin.
2. Inflammation of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid.
- Sty (hordeolum)
2. Chalazion
Inflammation of the lid margin and lash follicles
Blepharitis
Inflammation or infection of the cornea
Keratitis
What do miotic drugs do?
Cause pupillary constriction and treat glaucoma
Hearing loss caused by lengthy exposure to loud noises?
Hearing loss caused by a single exposure to a loud noise?
Noise induced hearing loss
Acoustic trauma
Hearing test used to check lateralizarion of hearing and uses a tuning fork on the forehead.
Weber test
Hearing test used to determine if hearing loss is conductive or sensorineural.
Rinne test
What is the name of the vision chart typically seen in a doctors office with rows of progressively smaller letters?
Snellen’s chart
Ptosis
Drooping eyelid
What is the grid called that is used for checking for macular degeneration?
Amsler grid
Tonometry evaluates ……?
Intraocular pressure
What is the difference between visible poverty and invisible poverty?
Visible poverty refers to tangible items such as money and material resources.
Invisible poverty refers to social and cultural issues such as no education or lack of access to education.
This manipulative/body based therapy focuses on the use of postural reflexes.
Alexander technique
This therapy involves rhythmic, gentle movements.
Trager therapy
This therapy involves “modulating the person’s energy field” without actually touching the patient.
Therapeutic touch
This energy therapy focuses on placing hands over certain organs and energy centers.
Reiki
Traditional Vietnamese ritual of rubbing a patient’s oiled skin with a coin to rid the body of disease.
Coining
A group of people with some sort of common characteristic.
Aggregate
