Collection of Evidence of witnesses and suspects

Question 1

What did the PACE Act ensure for suspects in interviews?

Answer 1

Limited the use of coercion during interrogation and meant tape recordings and solicitors had to be used.

Question 2

What is the most used guide to interrogation?

Answer 2

The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation.

Question 3

Who came up with the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation?

Answer 3

Inbau and Reid.

Question 4

A brief explanation of Reid’s Nine steps of interrogation?

Answer 4

There is active persuasion by moral justifications with different levels of morals are presented.

Question 5

What are two steps of RNSI which i need to learn?

Answer 5

Theme development where the interrogator suggests possible reasons why the suspect has committed the crime. Also, presenting an alternative question where there are two accounts of the crime and one is more socially acceptable which allows the suspect to justify why they have commit the crime.

Question 6

When are they accused of the crime?

Answer 6

At an early stage.

Question 7

Who researches into false confessions?

Answer 7

Gudjonsson

Question 8

What were the three types of confessions Gudjionsson looked into?

Answer 8

Voluntary false confessions, coerced complaint confessions and coerced internalised confessions.

Question 9

What is a coerced-complaint confession?

Answer 9

They confess to escape the situation of the interview.

Question 10

Who did Gudjohnsson document?

Answer 10

A 17 year old boy who was a accused of murdering 2 old ladies who were battered to death.

Question 11

Why was the 17 year old arrested?

Answer 11

Due to savings being missing and the youth was spending more money than usual and had inconsistencies with movements.

Question 12

What was wrong with his interrogation?

Answer 12

He was denied access to a solicitor and interviewed by 5 police officers for 14 hours. Many of the questions were leading and accusatory and he eventually said he did it.

Question 13

What did the teenager score highly on?

Answer 13

The Gudjohnsson suggestibility scale.

Question 14

What did the suggestibility scale find?

Answer 14

The young boy had a coerced-complaint false confession due to the pressure of the interviews.

Question 15

What did Fisher develop?

Answer 15

The cognitive interview.

Question 16

What are the four stages of the cognitive interview?

Answer 16

Reinstating the context, multiple retrieval, varied retrieval and focused concentration.

Question 17

What is reinstating the context?

Answer 17

Taking the witness back to where the crime happened, seeing if certain smells or sounds can enhance recall.

Question 18

What is multiple retrieval?

Answer 18

Coming back to the interview again later, in case the witness then remembers something else.

Question 19

What is varied retrieval?

Answer 19

Recalling events in different orders to stimulate memories.

Question 20

What is focused concentration?

Answer 20

Where the witness is asked to focus on one aspect of what happened and give every detail no matter how small they think it is.

Question 21

Who researched into how effective the cognitive interview was?

Answer 21

Fisher.

Question 22

What did Fisher compare?

Answer 22

Compared the performance of experienced detectives before and after recieving training.

Question 23

How many detectives were used during Fishers experiment?

Answer 23

16 detectives from Florida Police department.

Question 24

How many of the detectives were trained and how many were untrained?

Answer 24

7 were trained and 9 were untrained.

Question 25

What was the difference between those who had been trained and those who hadn’t?

Answer 25

63% more information was was recorded by the trained group and 94% of their statements were accurate.

Question 26

Who can be interviewed by PEACE?

Answer 26

Both suspects and witnesses.

Question 27

What is the first phase of the PEACE interview?

Answer 27

The planning and preparation stage.

Question 28

What happens during the planning and preparation stage.

Answer 28

Create a plan and identify any key points that they must adress.

Question 29

What is the second stage of the PEACE interview?

Answer 29

Engage and explain.

Question 30

What happens during the engage and explain stage?

Answer 30

Important to maintain a rapport and ask questions not relevant to the interrogation.

Question 31

What is the third stage in the PEACE interview?

Answer 31

Account.

Question 32

What happens during the account stage?

Answer 32

Asking every short-ended question that could possibly be asked to gain evidence.

Question 33

What is the fourth stage in the PEACE interview?

Answer 33

Closure.

Question 34

What happens during the closure stage?

Answer 34

The interviewer should accurately sum up what they have said and interview will be brought to a close.

Question 35

What is the final stage of the PEACE interview?

Answer 35

Evaluation.