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UK Plumbing Level 2 Diploma (C&G 6035) > Cold Water Systems (Chap 5) > Flashcards

Cold Water Systems (Chap 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of Earth’s water is fresh?

A

Just 3%. The rest is saline

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2
Q

Where is freshwater mostly stored?

A

In the polar ice caps (69%) and glaciers (30.7%)

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3
Q

What source of freshwater do humans rely on?

A

Groundwater.

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4
Q

How much UK rainfall is stored?

A

Just 5%. The rest is finds its way to the water table, rivers and the sea.

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5
Q

Who regulate UK fluid categories?

A

Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999

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6
Q

How many fluid categories are there?

A

Five

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7
Q

Define fluid category 1

A

Wholesome water that is clean, cold and potable. Suitable for drinking, domestic use and food production.

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8
Q

Define fluid category 2

A

Water that is as safe as fluid category 1 but has undergone aesthetic changes: temperature, appearance, taste or odour

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9
Q

Give three examples of fluid category 2 water

A

– Water heated in a hot water secondary system
– Mixed cat 1 & 2 discharged from combination taps or showers
– Softened water using a salt regeneration process

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10
Q

Define fluid category 3

A

Water that constitutes a slight health hazard because of the concentration of low-toxicity substances. It is not suitable for drinking.

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11
Q

Give three examples of low-toxicity substances that may be contained in fluid category 3 water

A

Heating inhibitors such as ethylene glycol (anti-freeze), copper sulphate, chemical additives. Or domestic disinfectants

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12
Q

Give five examples of situations where fluid category 4 water may be found:

A
  1. Primary circuits of heating systems
  2. Water in wash basins, baths and shower trays
  3. Washing machines and dishwashers
  4. Hand-held garden hoses with flow-controller sprayers
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13
Q

Define fluid category 4

A

Constitutes a significant hazard because it contains toxic substances

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14
Q

Give two examples of substances that category 4 water might include

A
  1. Chemical, carcinogenic substances (fertilisers/herbicides)
  2. Environmental organisms
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15
Q

Give three examples of general situations where fluid category 4 water might be present

A
  1. Heating system primary circuits in non-single occupancy dwellings
  2. Fire sprinkler systems (anti-freeze)
  3. House gardens
  4. Mini irrigation systems
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16
Q

Define fluid category 5

A

Water that represents a serious health risk because it contains pathogenic organisms, radioactive material or very toxic substances

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17
Q

Give five examples of situations where fluid category 5 water may be present

A
  1. Industrial cisterns and tanks
  2. Hose union bib taps in non-domestic installation
  3. Sinks, WC pans, urinals and bidets
  4. Grey-water recycling systems
  5. Medical laboratories
  6. Food processing - butchery, vegetable washing
  7. Pretty much anything commercial or agricultural
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18
Q

What’s the difference between fluid category 4 and 5?

A

Risk to health from category 4 would require prolonged exposure (days to months) whereas category 5 could be a short or single exposure

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19
Q

What are the two types of water supply in the UK?

A
  1. Supplied by the water undertaker under Section 67 of the Water Act
  2. Supplied from a private source (borehole, river, stream)
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20
Q

What law regulates water in the UK?

A

The Water Act 2003 (Water Industry Act 1991)

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21
Q

Which body enforces the Water Act 2003

A

The Environment Agency

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22
Q

Which body regulates water suppliers and sewerage companies?

A

Water Services Regulation Authority (Oft)

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23
Q

Which body enforces the obligation of water companies to supply potable water?

A

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

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24
Q

Which two pieces of legislation relate to plumbers under the Water Act 2003

A
  1. The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999
  2. The Private Water Supplies Regulations 2016
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25
Q

How much water does the average person in the UK use each day?

A

150 litres

26
Q

What are the three types of unwholesome water

A
  1. Grey water
  2. Rainwater harvesting
  3. Black water
27
Q

What is grey water?

A

Waste water from baths, showers, washing machines and sinks

28
Q

How much mains water can be saved using rainwater harvesting typically?

A

About 50%

29
Q

Give three examples of uses for harvested rainwater

A
  1. Flushing toilets
  2. Watering gardens
  3. Supplying washing machines
30
Q

What is black water?

A

Water and effluent from WCs and kitchen sinks that can only be treated by a water undertaker at a sewage works

31
Q

What word is used to describe clean, fresh water?

A

Wholesome

32
Q

What are the four treatment stages (in order) to make water wholesome?

A
  1. Sedimentation
  2. Filtration (slow/rapid sand)
  3. Sterilisation
  4. Aeration
33
Q

How do sedimentation tanks work?

A

They slow the water velocity, allowing solids to sink and settle under gravity

34
Q

What is turbidity?

A

The cloudiness or haziness of water caused by particles that are usually invisible to the human eye

35
Q

What is the purpose of filtration?

A

It removes turbidity and algae from raw, untreated water

36
Q

What is the primary purpose of slow sand filters?

A

To remove microorganisms, algae and turbidity

37
Q

What size and depth are slow filters typically?

A

Typically 0.15mm to 0.3mm in size and 0.5 - 1m deep

38
Q

What’s the biological layer of sludge called?

A

schmutzdecke – dirt cover

39
Q

What is floc?

A

A collection of loosely bound particles or materials bound together by coagulation

40
Q

What is the primary purpose of rapid sand filters?

A

To remove floc (but they work for algae, iron, manganese and turbidity too)

41
Q

What sand coarseness and depth are required for rapid sand filters?

A

0.5mm to 1mm coarse and 0.6m to 1m deep

42
Q

Why are pressure filters sometimes neccesary?

A

They maintain a head pressure so remove the need to pump the water into the supply

43
Q

What is water sterilised with?

A

Ammonia and chlorine

44
Q

What is the purpose of aeration?

A

To treat groundwater by dissolving metals and gases like CO2

45
Q

How many reservoirs are there in the UK and who maintains them?

A

More than 2000 maintained by the Environment Agency

46
Q

What are the two types of water distribution?

A

Gravity and pumped

47
Q

What are the two key industry standards for water maintenance and installation?

A

BS EN 806 (2011)– Specification for installations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption.

BS EN 8558 – Guide to the design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages.

48
Q

What is a private water supply?

A

One that is not provided by a water undertaker and connected to the mains

49
Q

Which body inspects and tests water quality in private supplies?

A

Local authorities – as per the Private Water Supplies Regulations 2016

50
Q

What defines the size of the trunk main?

A

The population being served. Pipes can be anywhere from 0.2–1.2m in diameter

51
Q

What size pipe is usually suitable for connecting single dwellings?

A

25mm

52
Q

How are non-cast iron trunks connected to households?

A

A brass strap-type ferrule on PVCu or cementitious asbestos

53
Q

Explain the two pipes that comprise a water main to a building

A
  1. Communication pipe – travels from trunk to boundary. Owned by water undertaker
  2. Supply pipe – travels to property and owned and maintained by the building owner.
54
Q

Who maintains the external stop valve?

A

The water undertaker

55
Q

What depth must the service pipe run?

A

Between 750-1350mm

56
Q

What are the three common options for potable water pipe?

A
  1. ‘Blue poly’ – medium density polyethylene pipe (MDPE) @ 25mm
  2. Softer copper
  3. 15mm copper in older houses.
57
Q

What fitting setup is required for internal water meters?

A

Two stop valves either side and a drain off valve after the meter and before the upper stop tap

58
Q

What are the four requirements for water entering a property?

A
  1. Stop valve located in the building
  2. Stop valve located above floor level ideally
  3. Valve located as near to the entry as possible
  4. Should be a screw down tap/valve
  5. Must stop water to premises when closed.
59
Q

What is the maximum MDPE that should be visible?

A

150mm – it decomposes under UV light

60
Q

What requirements are there for corrosion of stop taps?

A

Must be made from gunmetal or corrosion-resistant brass to prevent de-zincification

61
Q

What markings do copper alloy or gunmetal fittings have?

A

CR (corrosion resistant) or GM (gunmetal)

UK Plumbing Level 2 Diploma (C&G 6035) (1 decks)

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