Cold War Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What role did ideology play in the cold war?

A

Communism
- Single party
- All property owned by state
- Classless
- Rights of workers valued over the individual

Capitalism
- Some people have more power
- Free elections with a choice of parties
- Individual freedoms valued
- Private ownership, competitive workplace

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2
Q

The Views of the Leaders (Ideology)

A

Stalin

  • Communist sacrifices during the war means we have the right to spread communism
  • We should create a buffer zone (satellite states) to protect us from invasion
  • The West wants to destroy communism, we should fight to protect it

Roosevelt and Churchill

  • USA should lead the way in supressing communism
  • Europe should have the same freedoms america does
  • Churchill was traditionalist and was distrusting of Stalin and communism
  • Roosevelt believed strongly in democracy
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3
Q

Tehran Conference (1943)

A

Purpose : The Grand Alliance plan a way of winning the war

Agreements
- USA and GB launch a second Western Front, to divert troops away from USSR

  • Stalin would declare war on Japan once Germany had been defeated
  • General informal agreement that Germany should stay weak after the war and Poland should get her land back
    USSR would also keep the Polish land taken
  • Basic ideas for the UN begin

Tension

  • Stalin went in believing a second front was being delayed to make him weak
    - He was reassured
  • Churchill wanted the second front in the Balkans (SE Europe)
  • USA disliked GB’s colonialism
    - Saw GB as more of a threat than
    USSR
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4
Q

Yalta Conference (Winter 1945)

A

Purpose : To discuss post war Europe (Germany was almost defeated)

Agreements

  • Germany to be split into 4 zones, with reparations of $20bn to be paid by Germany
    - 1/2 of this would go to russia
  • UN set up, all welcome
  • Stalin decided E.Europe would hold free elections

Disagreements

  • Debate over the government of Poland in the future, communist or capitalist
  • USSR wanted 16 soviet states to have their own seat in the UN
    • Declined - only USSR, Belarus and Ukraine allowed
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5
Q

Potsdam Conference (Summer 1945)

A

Purpose : To discuss post war Europe

Background

  • Change in personnel
    • Roosevelt dead, Truman in
    • Churchill lost election, Attlee in (as a new PM, he just wants to go home and get the talks over quickly)
  • Both new people were not as experienced at negotiation, and were more likely to let Stalin have his way
  • A bomb beginning tests
    - Truman stalled Potsdam until he had
    this as a diplomatic edge
  • UN
    - UK, US, France and China are permanent members, with the power to veto decisions

Agreements

  • Germany 100% getting split, but economy will be run as a whole
  • We’ll split Berlin too

Each country would take reparations from her zone
- USSR allowed 1/4 of industrial equipment because they had the poorest region

Disagreements

  • Truman didnt like the USSR’s control of ex-Nazi states
  • Poland government still not agreed on, Truman wanted a more capitalist government
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6
Q

The Impact of the Atom Bomb on the Cold War

A

Before the Bomb
- Issues the Big 3 cannot agree on
- Stalin wanted E.Europe as a defensive
measure
- Truman saw this as communist aggression

Disagreement —-> Peacetime hostility

The Bomb

  • Hiroshima and Nagasaki
    - 120,000 civilians killed
  • Some say the bomb wasn’t needed
    • It was used for a better position at
      Potsdam and for the US to have
      power over the Soviets
  • Countries felt more safe with the Americans than with the Soviets

After the Bomb

  • Stalin set about getting satellites
    - Opposite to what US intended, they
    thought the bomb would allow them
    to talk to USSR about E.Europe
    freedoms easier
  • Monopoly on nukes didn’t last
    • USSR : 1949
    • UK, France, China : 1964

Result

  • Huge increase in tension, both sides could wipe each other out many times over
  • This actually made everyone less willing to go to war
  • An arms race began
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7
Q

How did relations deteriorate? - The Long Telegram

A

Moscow —> Washington

From : US ambassador George Kennan

Contents

  • USSR wants to remove Americas power and international influence to ensure their own safety
  • If given strong resistance, they will back down
  • Problems can be solved without military power

Government Reaction

  • Worried about the removal of capitalism
  • Foreign policy becomes tighter

Led to:
- Containment
- Marshall Plan
- Truman Doctrine

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8
Q

How did relations deteriorate? - The Novikov Telegram

A

Washington —> Moscow

From : Soviet ambassador Nikolai Novikov

Contents

  • The US wants to destroy USSR and communism
  • To do this, they are building a large weapons cache for war with the USSR
  • Their end goal is world domination
  • The Americans dont want to work with USSR anymore after Roosevelt died

Government Response

  • Worried about the US dominating the world by force
  • More protection in E.Europe is required
  • Led to satellite states creation
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9
Q

The Satellite States and how they were created (dates are important)

A

The Baltic States 1941 (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia)
- Taken from the Nazis

Czechoslovakia
- The only eastern democracy inter war
- After Nazi rule, an uprising took place to restore democracy - 1948
- Put down by Soviet backed communist fighters- 1948

Yugoslavia and Albania
- Never directly occupied by the Red Army
- Had a bit more independence

Poland
- Warsaw Uprising 1944
- Anti Nazi
- 1944

  • Soviets waited until it was over to ensure a smooth takeover with no rebels
  • Capitalist politicians forced to flee

Hungary
- Electorate intimidated 1947
- One Party State 1949

Bulgaria and Romania
- ‘Free’ elections post war 1944/5

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10
Q

The Truman Doctrine - 1947

A
  • Described the two sides as good and evil
  • Every country had to make a choice
  • He placed the US as the hero and swore to defend countries from the spread of communism (isolationism)
  • These ideas became known as the Truman Doctrine

Led to :
- The Marshall Plan
- Cominform

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11
Q

The Marshall Plan

A

Economic aid to resist communism

  • Countries post war were broke, and adopting communism would make the state have all the businesses, land etc = more money to recover
  • USA stopped this by giving them money themselves
    • More money if you were more industrialised pre war (UK got the most money)
  • $13bn sent
  • Massive impact to Europe, even into the 1950’s
  • Aid could have been given to the satellites, but they would have to conduct a finances review, which stalin would not allow

Led to:
- Comecon

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12
Q

Cominform

A
  • Communist Information Bureau
  • A political opposite to the Truman Plan
    • 9 members (USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia and France and Italy)
  • HQ in Belgrade due to strong Yugoslav support
  • Gave Stalin a new way of controlling the satellites
    • In 1st meeting, they reject the Marshall Plan
  • Propaganda against USA mandatory for members
  • Contact with West forbidden

Led to:
- The uniting of the Western zones

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13
Q

Comecon

A

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

  • Response to Marshall Plan
  • USSR + the satellites
  • Trade was only permitted between member states
    • Bulgaria’s trade with the USSR went up from 10% to 90%
  • Each state had a 5 year plan, focused on industrialisation and nationalisation of agriculture and businesses

Led to :
- Uniting of the Western zones
- NATO (partially)

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14
Q

The Uniting of the Western Zones

A
  • Germany in 4 parts, so was Berlin
  • Checkpoints needed to cross zones
  • Roads created from Western side to Berlin (through USSR land)

Bizonia 1947
- USA and UK land joined
- Both agreed on supporting Germany’s economy, rather than taking her resources to rebuild the Soviet Union
- UK poor = economic help from USA

Trizonia - 1948
- France get involved
- Zones can be developed better and as one

  • Single currency created for Trizonia
  • A result of the Soviets storming out of meetings about Germany’s future

Consequences

  • Single currency means that Trizonia can develop its economy separate from Stalin
  • Stalin thinks the West is ganging up on him
  • The start of the Berlin Crisis

Led to :
- The Berlin Blockade

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15
Q

The Berlin Blockade

A

Stalin shuts off the two land corridors from Trizonia

  • No supplies can get through, and food will soon run out
  • Idea was to win a propaganda victory, showing a divided Germany will not work
  • The West might give up their land in Germany
  • A direct challenge to Truman, who said in the Doctrine that he would fight communism
  • The West had a new idea - to airlift the supplies
  • If they get shot down, Stalin is the aggressor, and he probably doesnt want that

Led to :
- The Berlin Airlift (Operation Vittles)
- NATO (partially)
- The Federal Republic of Germany

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16
Q

The Berlin Airlift (Operation Vittles)

A
  • Food, coal, supplies flew into West Germany by allies
  • The public built a new airport, and a runway at an old one
    • They also unloaded and distributed supplies
  • 1000 tons/day from USA
    • Similar amount achieved by UK
      • Peak month = 170,000 tons
  • Nearly a year later
    - Blockade lifted
    - Zero western casualties
    - Massive win
  • The west had responded peacefully and effectively to what now looked like an aggressive act by Stalin
17
Q

The Federal Republic of Germany

A
  • West
  • Formed in response to the blockade
  • The Germans were allowed to elect their parliament and a Chancellor
  • Konrad Adenauer = First Chancellor elected
  • New capital = Bonn
  • Not recognized by USSR

Led to :
- The German Democratic Republic

18
Q

The German Democratic Republic

A
  • East
  • Formed in response to West Germany
  • Only recognized by satellites and USSR
  • Not recognized by West
19
Q

NATO (1949)

A
  • Formed in response to Stalin’s threat to Germany and the invasion of Czechoslovakia to protect the West
  • UK, USA, France + 9 other Western countries joined
  • An attack on one member was an attack on all
  • By joining, USA confirm they will take military action to defend against communism

Led to :
- The Warsaw Pact

20
Q

The Warsaw Pact (1955)

A
  • Formed in response to NATO
    - In particular, West Germany joining
  • USSR, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany
  • Known as the Eastern Bloc
    • Under total soviet control
  • In effect, two Europes
    - Led to hostility for decades
21
Q

The Arms Race

A
  • USA - A Bomb (1945)
    - USSR = 1949
  • USA - H Bomb (1952)
    - USSR = 1953
  • USA - ICBM (1957)
    • USSR = 1957
  • Both sides wanted an edge to deter the other
  • The fact they could destroy the world many times over means they were reluctant to go to war
22
Q

New Leaders (1953)

A

USA

  • Eisenhower elected
    • Very anti communist
      • Wanted to block soviet expansion
        • Willing to talk to reduce nuclear
          threat

USSR

  • Stalin dies with no named successor
  • Power struggle for 3 years
    - Khrushchev comes out on top
    - Anti Stalin
    - Open to talks

Result :
- A new hope for relations
- Meeting in Geneva about Austria
- Atmosphere of co-operation

  • All went bad when West Germany joined NATO leading to the Warsaw Pact
23
Q

The Hungarian Uprising (1956)

A
  • The people protest about lack of food and fuel and political freedoms
  • Riots in Budapest, stopped by soviet troops
  • Khrushchev replaces Stalinist PM with Nagy, who believed in personal freedoms
  • Announced reforms
    - Ending the one party state, allowing other parties in parliament
  • Persuaded Krushchev to remove troops from Budapest
  • Announced a break from the Warsaw Pact
  • Wait what
  • That last one was too far
    - Soviet security would be at risk if
    other satellites followed suit
  • Khrushchev reacted by sending an invasion of 1000 tanks
  • The fight that follows is the Hungarian Uprising
  • 20,000 Hungarians dead
  • Nagy tried and executed
24
Q

International Reaction to the Hungarian Uprising

A
  • USA didn’t intervene even though they were begged to
    - They don’t deal with communism fighting communism
  • This made them seem weak, and Khrushchev was more confident that they wouldn’t do anything
  • Other satellites knew that if they rebelled, no one would come to help them = they don’t