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History - The Cold War > Cold War Crisis - 1958-70 > Flashcards

Cold War Crisis - 1958-70 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 1950s like between the two superpowers?

A

There was more communication but underlying tensions remained.

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2
Q

Who replaced President Truman in January 1953?

A

President Eisenhower

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3
Q

Who did President Eisenhower replace?

A

President Truman

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4
Q

When was President Truman replaced by President Eisenhower?

A

January 1953

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5
Q

When did Khrushchev come to power?

A

September 1953

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6
Q

What were the encouraging steps to diffusing tensions between the two superpowers?

A
  • The USA and the USSR met in Geneva in 1955 and agreed to communicate more easily
  • In 1955 the USSR officially recognised the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) as a state
  • Khrushchev also freed some prisoners and reduced censorship in the USSR
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7
Q

What did the USA and the USSR agree at Geneva in 1955?

A

To communicate more openly.

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8
Q

When did the USSR officially recognise the Federal Republic of Germany as a state?

A

1955

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9
Q

When was the Berlin Crisis?

A

1948

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10
Q

After the Berlin crisis in 1948 what was West Berlin like?

A

They were a unified zone and continued to develop economically.
They benefitted from a new currency and American (Marshall Plan) aid.

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11
Q

What was the situation in East Berlin like after the Berlin crisis?

A

The USSR had drained it of resources and its economy was slow to develop.
Many people wanted to leave and go to West Berlin.

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12
Q

Why did people want to move from East Berlin to West Berlin?

A

Because the West was more prosperous with it’s new currency and American (Marshall Plan) aid.

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13
Q

Why was the situation in Berlin around the 1960’s so embarrassing for Khrushchev?

A

People wanted to leave the East of Berlin to go to the West. It suggested that people preferred life under capitalism to communism.

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14
Q

Why was East Germany’s economy threated?

A

Many people who left to go to the West were skilled workers in search of a better life.

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15
Q

Why did Khrushchev need to issue his ‘Berlin Ultimatum’ in 1958?

A

Because of the refugee crisis.

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16
Q

What did the refugee crisis lead Khrushchev to do?

A

It led him to issue the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’.

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17
Q

When did Khrushchev issue the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’?

A

1958

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18
Q

What did the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’ demand?

A

That USA, British and French troops leave West Berlin within six months.

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19
Q

Did Eisenhower accept the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’?

A

No he refused.

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20
Q

How did the USSR feel about the economic success in West Berlin?

A

They felt threatened.

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21
Q

Why did the USSR feel threatened by the West Berlin?

A

Because of their economic success.

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22
Q

What was the USSR worried that the West was trying to do with their strong economy?

A

The USSR worried the West was trying to use its strong economy to interfere in Eastern Europe.

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23
Q

What was Eastern Berlin dependent on?

A

Trade links with West Berlin.

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24
Q

What did West Berlin become a symbol of after the Berlin Airlift?

A

Democracy.

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25
Q

Why was the refugee crisis good for the West?

A

It was good propaganda because it made communism look weak.

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26
Q

When did Khrushchev and Eisenhower hold a summit?

A

1959

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27
Q

When did Khrushchev visit USA?

A

1959

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28
Q

Who was the first communist leader to visit the USA?

A

Khrushchev

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29
Q

What did Khrushchev and Eisenhower’s meeting in 1959 symbolise?

A

A new spirit of co-operation and communication between the two powers.

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30
Q

What did they discuss at the summit in 1959?

A

Berlin

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31
Q

What happened at the summit in 1959?

A

Eisenhower still didn’t agree to withdraw from West Berlin, but did agree to discuss the matter more deeply.

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32
Q

Where did the leaders decide to meet a year after the 1959 summit?

A

Paris

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33
Q

How was the optimistic dialogue continued after the 1959 summit?

A

By the leaders agreeing to meet a year later in Paris.

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34
Q

In 1961 how many people were crossing from East to West Berlin every day?

A

2000

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35
Q

Why did Khrushchev construct the Berlin Wall?

A

Because it was clear that the refugee crisis wasn’t going to be solved diplomatically.

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36
Q

What happened days before the scheduled Paris summit in 1960

A

The USSR shot down a U2 American spy plane over Soviet territory.

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37
Q

What type of plane did the USSR shoot down days before the Paris Summit?

A

A U2 American spy plane.

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38
Q

When was the Paris Summit supposed to be?

A

1960

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39
Q

What did Eisenhower say about the spy plane?

A

He denied it was a spy plane. When the USSR produced the pilot (alive) and the plane’s wreckage as evidence he refused to apologies.

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40
Q

Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit?

A

Eisenhower refused to apologies for the spy plane that was flying over Soviet territory.

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41
Q

What hindered further negotiations about Berlin?

A

The U2 incident.

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42
Q

When did both countries later meet?

A

June 1961

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43
Q

Where did the countries meet instead of Paris?

A

Vienna

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44
Q

Who replaced Eisenhower as US President?

A

John F. Kennedy

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45
Q

Who did John F. Kennedy replace?

A

Eisenhower

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46
Q

Who met at Vienna in June 1961?

A

John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev

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47
Q

What did Kennedy vow when he came into power?

A

To take a tougher approach towards communism.

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48
Q

How did Kennedy treat the Berlin question?

A

He refused to compromise over Berlin, and no resolution was reached.

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49
Q

What did the USSR believe after the Vienna summit?

A

That problems in Berlin wouldn’t be resolved by negotiation. This sparked the creation of the Berlin Wall.

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50
Q

What were the three summits between USA and the USSR? How many of them went ahead?

A

USA, Paris, Vienna. Paris wasn’t complete.

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51
Q

What was the Berlin Wall supposed to solve?

A

The flow of refugees out of East Berlin.

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52
Q

When was the Berlin Wall erected?

A

13th August 1961overnight.

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53
Q

How big was the wall when it was erected?

A

27 miles.

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54
Q

How was the wall originally fortified?

A

With barbed wire and machine gun posts.

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55
Q

What was later introduced after the wall became a more permanent barrier?

A

Military checkpoints policed any movements into or out of East Berlin.

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56
Q

What did the Berlin Wall prevent?

A
  • work in the west
  • people seeing friends and family
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57
Q

What happened to people who tried to escape East Berlin?

A

They were shot.

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58
Q

What did the Berlin Wall do to the situation in Europe?

A

It helped stabilise the situation and tensions in Europe.

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59
Q

Why were the West actually relieved by the Berlin Wall?

A

It avoided war.

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60
Q

What happened with troops straight after the wall was erected?

A

Soviet and Western troops were positioned either side of the wall, but then both powers agreed to back down.

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61
Q

How did USA respond to the Wall?

A

They condemned it but then took no further military action.

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62
Q

What did the Wall succeed in doing?

A
  • It stopped mass emigration to West Berlin.
  • It also gave East Germany the opportunity to rebuild its economy, and strengthen itself as a communist state.
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63
Q

What did the Wall become a symbol of in the West?

A

Oppression and failure of communism.

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64
Q

What did the wall become a symbol of in the USSR?

A

Strength

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65
Q

When did Kennedy visit West Berlin?

A

1963

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66
Q

What did Kennedy do in West Berlin?

A

In 1963 June, he gave a speech stating his unity with West Berlin and its people. He declared ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner).

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67
Q

What did Kennedy declare in his speech when he visited West Berlin?

A

‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner)

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68
Q

What does ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ mean in English?

A

I am a Berliner.

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69
Q

How do you say I am a Berliner in German?

A

Ich bin ein Berliner.

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70
Q

When was the Cuban Revolution?

A

1959

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71
Q

Who had ruled Cuba since 1952?

A

Batista, a ruthless military dictator.

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72
Q

What did Batista the ruler of Cuba allow?

A

American businessmen and the Mafia to make huge profits in a country where most people lived in poverty.

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73
Q

Who began a guerrilla war in 1956?

A

A rebel called Fidel Castro

74
Q

What did Fidel Castro do in 1956?

A

Began a guerrilla war.

75
Q

When did Fidel Castro gain enough support to take Cuba’s capital?

A

1959

76
Q

What was Cuba’s capital?

A

Havana

77
Q

What did Fidel Castro do in 1959?

A

He had enough support to take Cuba’s capital, Havana, and over-through the government.

78
Q

Why did the Cuban Revolution worry the USA?

A

The USA had a long economic history with Cuba. They had many shares in Cuban industries.

79
Q

Why had grown to resent American influence in their country?

A

They didn’t feel like an independent state.

80
Q

How did Castro anger USA when he came into power?

A

He nationalised (made public) US companies and increased taxes on goods imported from America.

81
Q

What did Eisenhower believe about Castro after he nationalised their companies?

A

That he was moving towards communism.

82
Q

What does nationalised mean?

A

Taking a privately owned industry and placing it under public ownership.

83
Q

How did Eisenhower threaten Cuba?

A

He threatened to stop importing Cuban sugar.

84
Q

How did Eisenhower’s sugar threat backfire?

A

He thought Cuba would back down but instead they signed an agreement with the USSR - the USSR promising to buy all sugar exports.

85
Q

What happened to the rest of American property after they stopped importing Cuban sugar?

A

All remaining American property in Cuba was confiscated.

86
Q

What happened in January 1961?

A

The USA severed all diplomatic relations with Cuba.

87
Q

When did the USA sever all diplomatic relations with Cuba.

A

January 1961.

88
Q

How far away was Cuba to the USA?

A

100 miles.

89
Q

Why was the USSR’s friendship with Cuba so threatening to the USA?

A

Because Cuba was only 100 miles from the USA, the communist threat was dangerously close.

90
Q

Who invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs?

A

Rebels backed by the USA.

91
Q

How did Kennedy intervene with Cuba?

A

In 1961 he authorised an invasion of anti-Castro rebels.

92
Q

What did Kennedy authorise to happen in Cuba in 1961?

A

An invasion of anti-Castro rebels into Cuba.

93
Q

When did Kennedy authorise the rebels invasion?

A

1961

94
Q

When did the rebels invade at the Bay of Pigs?

A

April 1961

95
Q

Were did the rebels land when invading Cuba?

A

In the Bay of Pigs.

96
Q

What happened at the Bay of Pigs?

A

The rebels were met with 20,000 Cuban troops and were easily defeated. The USA didn’t help.

97
Q

How did the USA feel about the outcome of the Bay of Pigs?

A

Embarrased.

98
Q

What happened after the USA failed at the Bay of Pigs?

A

They pushed Cuba closer to the USSR and Khrushchev agreed to help Castro and began to build nuclear missile sites in Cuba.

99
Q

What did Castro decide after the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

That Cuba needed Soviet military assistance to defend itself.

100
Q

What did Castro publicly announce in December 1961?

A

That he was a communist.

101
Q

When did Castro announce that he was a communist?

A

December 1961.

102
Q

What did Khrushchev plan for Cuba?

A

To put nuclear missiles in Cuba.

103
Q

When did Castro ask for weapons from the USSR?

A

September 1961

104
Q

When did Khrushchev decide to put nuclear missiles in Cuba?

A

July 1962

105
Q

What did the missiles in Cuba allow Khrushchev to do?

A

Launch a nuclear attack on all of central and eastern USA with very little warning.

106
Q

What did American U2 spy planes spot in October 1962?

A

Nuclear missiles bases being built in Cuba.

107
Q

When did American U2 spy planes spot nuclear missile bases being built in Cuba?

A

October 1962

108
Q

How did America find out about the nuclear missile bases being built in Cuba?

A

American U2 spy planes.

109
Q

What did President Kennedy demand of Khrushchev after finding out about nuclear missile bases being built?

A

That he dismantle the missile bases.

110
Q

What did Kennedy order after finding out about the nuclear missiles being constructed in Cuba?

A

A naval blockade of Cuba.

111
Q

What did the USA’s naval blockade do?

A

Stopped all Soviet ships and searched them to prevent missiles being transported to the island.

112
Q

What did the US do as tension grew between USSR and USA over Cuba?

A

They put US bombers in the air carrying nuclear bombs and the USA prepared to invade Cuba.

113
Q

Why was the world on the brink of nuclear war?

A

The USA put US bombers in the air carrying nuclear bombs.

114
Q

What deal did Khrushchev make on the 27th of October 1962?

A

He made a deal to dismantle the missiles in Cuba and ordered his ships to turn around.

115
Q

What did USA agree to on the 27th of October 1962?

A

USA lifted the blockade, promising to not invade Cuba - secretly agreed to remove their missiles from Turkey.

116
Q

When did the USA place missiles in Turkey right next to the USSR?

A

April 1962

117
Q

Were did the USA place missiles in April 1962?

A

Turkey - right next to the USSR

118
Q

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis so impactful to the Cold War?

A

It forced everybody to face up to how quickly a tense situation could become an absolute catastrophe.

119
Q

What was established in 1963 that enabled the two superpowers to talk directly and more quickly in the event of a crisis?

A

A telephone ‘hotline’ was established between Washington and Moscow.

120
Q

What did the telephone hotline established in 1963 enable?

A

It enabled the two superpowers to talk directly and more quickly in the event of a crisis.

121
Q

Who did the telephone hotline established in 1963 allow to communicate?

A

Washington and Moscow.

122
Q

What happened in Cuba and Turkey after the Cuban missile crisis?

A

All nuclear missiles were removed from Cuba and then Turkey by April 1963.

123
Q

What date did the nuclear missiles in Cuba and Turkey need to be removed by?

A

April 1963.

124
Q

How did Kennedy emerge from the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

As a hero who had stood up against the threat of communism.

125
Q

How did Khrushchev emerge from the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

He was discredited - he’d forced the USA to remove their missiles in Turkey, but had agreed to keep the deal a secret. In the eyes of the public he’d failed.

126
Q

When did Khrushchev resign?

A

In 1964

127
Q

Why did Khrushchev resign in 1964?

A

Because in the eyes of the public he’d failed.

128
Q

What were the three treaty’s that were put in place to bring the build up of nuclear weapons under control?

A
  • The Limited Test Ban Treaty
  • The Outer Space Treaty
  • The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
129
Q

What were the two main features of the Limited Test Ban Treaty?

A
  • It was signed by both powers in 1963
  • It stated that all future tests of nuclear weapons had to be carried out underground to avoid polluting the air with nuclear radiation.
130
Q

When was the Limited Test Ban Treaty signed?

A

1963

131
Q

What did the Limited Test Ban Treaty state?

A

That all future tests of nuclear weapons had to be carried out underground to avoid polluting the air with nuclear radiation.

132
Q

What were the two main features of the Outer Space Treaty?

A
  • Drawn up in 1967
  • It forbade countries (including the USSR and the USA) from placing weapons of mass destruction in space.
133
Q

When was the Outer Space Treaty drawn up?

A

1967

134
Q

What did the Outer Space Treaty forbid?

A

Countries from placing weapons of mass destructions in space.

135
Q

What were the three main features of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?

A
  • Came into force in 1970.
  • Both superpowers agreed not to supply nuclear weapons or related technology to countries that didn’t already have nuclear arms.
  • The treaty also encouraged nuclear disarmament, but it allowed countries to use nuclear technology for peaceful purposes (e.g. energy)
136
Q

When did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty come into force?

A

1970

137
Q

What did both superpowers agree with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation?

A

Not to supply nuclear weapons or related technology to countries that didn’t already have nuclear arms.

138
Q

What did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty encourage?

A

Nuclear disarmament, but it allowed countries to use nuclear technology for peaceful purposes (e.g. energy).

139
Q

When had Czechoslovakia become a communist state?

A

1948

140
Q

When did discontent within the Soviet Eastern Bloc begin to stir?

A

1968

141
Q

What was growing discontent in Czechoslovakia about?

A

The extent of external control over Czechoslovakian affairs.

142
Q

What was discouraged because of Czechoslovakia’s involvement in the Warsaw Pact?

A

It discouraged trade with countries outside the Eastern Bloc.

143
Q

Who protested at the lack of free speech and free movement in the country in 1956?

A

Students and writers.

144
Q

What did the students and writers protest about in 1956?

A

The lack of free speech and free movement in the country.

145
Q

When did students and writers protest about the lack of free speech and free movement in the country?

A

1956

146
Q

What did Dubcek want?

A

To move away from Soviet policies.

147
Q

Who was the leader of the communist party of Czechoslovakia?

A

Alexander Dubcek

148
Q

When did Alexander Dubcek become the leader of the Czechoslovakian communist party?

A

January 1968

149
Q

What type of party was Alexander Dubcek the leader of?

A

A Communist Party.

150
Q

What Dubcek do in April 1968?

A

He introduced a series of reforms that went against Soviet-style communism.

151
Q

What were the reforms that Dubcek introduced in April 1968?

A
  • travel to the West was made available for all
  • the border with West Germany was re-opened
  • all industry became decentralised
  • trade unions and workers were given more power
  • freedom of speech and opposition parties were allowed
152
Q

What does decentralised mean?

A

That companies were no longer controlled by Communist party officials - workers and local authorities were given more power.

153
Q

What were Dubcek’s reforms aimed at improving?

A

The performance of Czechoslovakia’s economy - partly by developing closer relations with the West.

154
Q

Why did Dubcek’s reforms worry the USSR?

A

Because they didn’t want any Western involvement in its Eastern Bloc and Dubcek’s reforms partly involved developing closer relations with the West.

155
Q

Despite the reforms what did Dubcek promise?

A

That he would remain in the Warsaw Pact and remain a loyal ally to Moscow.

156
Q

What was the ‘Prague Spring’?

A

The period of four months were Dubcek’s policies were tolerated by the USSR, and Czechoslovakia enjoyed relative freedom.

157
Q

What did Dubcek’s new reforms mean for the USSR?

A

That they had less control over Czechoslovakia.

158
Q

During the Prague Springs who was the leader of the USSR?

A

Leonid Brezhnev

159
Q

What was Leonid Brezhnev worried about after Dubcek’s reforms?

A

That they could lead to a rejection of communism in the Eastern Bloc and in the USSR itself.

160
Q

What events in August 1968 triggered a soviet response?

A
  • President Tito of Yugoslavia visited Prague - he had never agreed to the Warsaw Pact or the USSR’s version of communism.
  • The USSR received a letter from communists in Czechoslovakia, asking for help.
161
Q

When did President Tito of Yugoslavia visit Prague?

A

August 1968

162
Q

Who did the USSR receive letters from in August 1968? And what were they about?

A

From Communists in Czechoslovakia asking for help.

163
Q

When did the USSR decide to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia?

A

August 1968

164
Q

What happened in August 1968?

A

The USSR invaded Czechoslovakia.

165
Q

What happened on the 21st of August 1968?

A

500,000 Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia.

166
Q

How did the Czechoslovakians respond to the USSR invading?

A

They responded with non-violent demonstrations - people took to the streets with anti-invasion banners, and in January 1969 a student burned himself alive in the street in protest.

167
Q

What happened in January 1969 in protest to the USSR invading Czechoslovakia?

A

A student burned himself alive.

168
Q

When was Dubcek forcibly removed from office?

A

April 1969

169
Q

Who replaced Dubcek?

A

Gustav Husak

170
Q

Who did Gustav Husak replace?

A

Alexander Dubcek

171
Q

What was Gustav Husak loyal to?

A

Soviet-style communism.

172
Q

What did other countries do about the USSR invading Czechoslovakia?

A

They criticised the USSR but didn’t act.

173
Q

How did the UN respond to the USSR invading Czecholovakia?

A

The denounced the invasion and proposed a draft resolution requesting the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Czechoslovakia.

174
Q

How did the USSR respond to the UN’s proposal after the Czechoslovakia invasion?

A

They vetoed it.

175
Q

How did the Prague Spring strengthen the USSR?

A

The USSR succeeded in returning Czechoslovakia to Soviet-style communism.

176
Q

What did Brezhnev use the Prague Spring as an opportunity to do?

A

To establish his authority in the Eastern Bloc.
- prepared to invade
- proved he was strong and determined leader

177
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine state?

A

It announced that in the future the USSR would intervene in any country where communism was under threat.

178
Q

Why was the Brezhnev Doctrine important?

A

Because it strengthened the USSR’s control over its satellite states.

179
Q

What message did the Brezhnev Doctrine send?

A

It sent a message to the Eastern Bloc that giving up communism wasn’t an option - the USSR would respond with force.

180
Q

What did the Prague Springs remind the superpowers of?

A

That the Cold War wasn’t over. Brezhnev had proved that he was willing to risk conflict to uphold communism in the Eastern Bloc.

History - The Cold War (3 decks)

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