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Cold War and Superpowers Brainscape > Cold War and Superpowers > Flashcards

Cold War and Superpowers Flashcards

1
Q

Franklin Roosevelt (2)

A

President of the USA until his death in April 1945.He had a warm relationship with Stalin and the USSR.

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2
Q

Josef Stalin (2)

A

Leader of the USSR until his death in 1953.He had a warm relationship with Roosevelt but became cold towards the USA after Roosevelt’s death.

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3
Q

Harry Truman (4)

A

President of the USA after Roosevelt.He was naturally suspicious of the USSR and Communism.He had a cold relationship with Stalin.He issued the ‘Truman Doctrine’ in 1947 that commited the USA to containing the spread of Communism around the world.

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4
Q

George Kennan

A

He wrote a telegram for the USA in 1946 accusing the USSR of being invaders of other countries.’Long Telegram’

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5
Q

Nikolai Novikov

A

He wrote a telegram for the USSR in 1946, accusing the USA of being a country trying to dominate the world with its influence.’Novikov Telegram’

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6
Q

George Marshall

A

He organised the Marshall plan in 1947/1948.It gave money to European countries to help them rebuild and be put off Communism.

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7
Q

Konrad Adenauer

A

Chancellor of West Germany.

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8
Q

Dwight Eisenhower (2)

A

President of the USA in the 1950s.He believed that building up lots of nuclear weapons was the best way to prevent a war between the USA and USSR.

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9
Q

Nikita Khrushchev (2)

A

Leader of the USSR after 1956.He wanted peaceful coexistence with the USA, but not at the expense of the USSR looking weaker than the USA.

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10
Q

Rakosi (2)

A

The USSR supported leader of Hungary in 1956.He was hated by the people of Hungary.

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11
Q

Nagy

A

The more laid back leader of Hungary that the USSR replaced Rakosi with in 1956.

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12
Q

Kadar

A

The leader of Hungary that replaced Nagy when the USSR decided that Nagy had changed things in Hungary too much.

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13
Q

Fidel Castro (3)

A

Leader of Cuba after 1959.Declared himself a Communist in 1961.Asked the USSR to install nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962.

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14
Q

John F. Kennedy (4)

A

President of the USA between 1961 and 1963.His presidency was during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.He took the decision to blockade Cuba instead of bomb missile sites that were discovered there.He wanted to be seen as a cold war warrior, someone who stood up to Communism.

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15
Q

Ota Sik

A

A Czech Communist economist who said that Czechoslovakia needed more freedom with money than the USSR granted it.

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16
Q

Alexander Dubcek.

A

A leader of Czechoslovakia who in 1968 tried to change Communism in the country to being more about ‘Socialism with a human face’

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17
Q

Leonid Brezhnev (2)

A

Leader of the USSR in the late 1960s and 1970s.He issued a doctrine after the Prague Spring that said there was only one way of being a Communist and that was the USSR’s way.

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18
Q

Richard Nixon (2)

A

President of the USA during detente.He worked to try and reduce tension with the USSR.

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19
Q

Hafzullah Amin

A

Leader of Afghanistan who was overthrown by the USSR following their invasion in 1979.

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20
Q

Babrak Kamal

A

The USSR backed leader of Afghanistan during the Soviet-Afghan war.

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21
Q

Osama Bin Laden

A

Leader of the Afghan freedom fighters who fought against the USSR’s ‘red army’

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22
Q

Jimmy Carter (2)

A

President of the USA between 1977 and 1981.He issued the ‘Carter Doctrine’ after 1979 that said the USA needed to once again contain the spread of Communism.

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23
Q

Ronald Reagan (2)

A

Aggressive minded President who was elected in 1981.He said that he was going to ‘win’ the cold war for the USA.

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24
Q

Mikhail Gorbachev (3)

A

Leader of the USSR after 1985.He introduced capitalist changes to the USSR.Began to give people more freedom in the USSR.

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25
Q

Erich Honecker

A

Leader of East Germany when the Warsaw Pact collapsed in 1989.

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26
Q

Boris Yeltsin

A

Became leader of Russia following the collapse of the USSR and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991.

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27
Q

In what year of WW2 did the USA and the USSR end up on the same side?

A

1941

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28
Q

Why were the countries not natural friends? (2)

A

The USA had lost lots of money when the USSR had turned Communist in 1917.The USA were close friends with Britain and relatives of the British Royal family were killed in the Russian Revolution.

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29
Q

What was their ‘team of countries’ including Britain know as?

A

The big three or the Grand Alliance.

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30
Q

What was held towards the end of the war to try and continue cooperation between the countries? (3)

A

Wartime Conferences:Tehran - 1943Yalta - 1945Potsdam - July-Aug 1945

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31
Q

Why were the USA and the USSR considered the only superpowers after the end of WW2?

A

They were the strongest countries compared to the rest of the world, who were very weakened from the war.

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32
Q

What exactly is a superpower when looking at countries?

A

A country with financial, military and cultural influence.

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33
Q

What began to happen between 1945 and 1948?

A

A cold war developed between the USA and the USSR.

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34
Q

What was the attitude of the superpowers throughout the 1950s?

A

Only to cooperate if it is not at the expense of becoming weaker than the other.

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35
Q

What took place in the 1960s?

A

A series of crisis moments that meant the cold war nearly became a real one.

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36
Q

What happened in the 1970s?

A

The tried to calm down the Cold War.

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37
Q

What happened in the 1980s?

A

The USA started the cold war again after the USSR invaded Afghanistan.

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38
Q

What broke up in 1989?

A

The influence the USSR had over Eastern Europe collapsed.

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39
Q

What collapsed in 1991?

A

The USSR.

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40
Q

How was a Capitalist country like the USA run? (3)

A

Personal freedoms.Private businesses.Private wealth

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41
Q

How was a Communist country like the USSR run? (3)

A

Restriction on freedoms.Government owns everything.Government makes big decisions for people.

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42
Q

What reasons, going back as far as 1917, did the USA and the USSR have for not being natural friends? (2)

A

The USA had lots of money invested in Russia before it became the Communist USSR in 1917. They lost it all.The USA were good friends with Britain and the communists had killed the Russian royal family, who were relations of the British royal family.

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43
Q

When did President Roosevelt die and what had his attitude to the USSR been? (2)

A

After the Yalta conference in 1945 He had a good relationship with the leader of the USSR, Stalin.

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44
Q

When was President Truman in office and what were his feelings towards Communism/USSR? (2)

A

1945 - 1953.He was suspicious of Communism and Stalin.

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45
Q

What was Truman’s ‘Truman Doctrine’?

A

From 1947 onwards he made it the USA’s issue to help prevent the spread of Communism.

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46
Q

When was President Nixon in office and what was his attitude towards the USSR? (2)

A

The 1970s.He wanted to find a way to build a working partnership with the USSR.

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47
Q

When was Jimmy Carter President and what was the ‘Carter Doctrine’ he developed? (2)

A

1976 - 1981.The Carter Doctrine was a return to ‘containing’ Communism after 1979.

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48
Q

When was President Reagan in office and what was his attitude towards Communism and the USSR? (2)

A

1981 - 1989.He wanted to go further that containing Communism, he wanted to defeat it.

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49
Q

What did Stalin want to make sure for the USSR at the end of WW2?

A

He wanted to make sure the USSR was safe from aggression.

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50
Q

When did Stalin die?

A

1953

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51
Q

When did Khrushchev’s become leader of the USSR?

A

1956

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52
Q

How was Khrushchev’s time as leader less hardline than Stalin?

A

He wanted peaceful cooperation with the USA but not if it meant being weaker than them.

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53
Q

When did Brezhnev become leader of the USSR and what was the purpose of the 1968 ‘Brezhnev Doctrine’? (2)

A

After 1963.All communist countries could only ‘do’ communism the ay the USSR did.

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54
Q

How was Gorbachev different to the other Soviet Leaders?

A

He allowed more openness of the government and he introduced some capitalism into the USSR.

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55
Q

Who became President of Russia once Gorbachev resigned in 1991?

A

Boris Yeltsin.

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56
Q

What were the 3 conferences held between 1943 and 1945 to discuss the future of the world after WW2? (3)

A

Tehran.Yalta.Potsdam.

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57
Q

What was agreed at the Tehran Conference in 1943? (4)

A

The Grand Alliance agreed to cooperate.The USA and GB would invade Nazi occupied France at the earliest chance.The USSR would attack Japan.The United Nations would be formed.

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58
Q

What was agreed at the Yalta Conference in Feb 1945? (7)

A

Germany and Berlin would be split into 4 zones, Berlin was still split even though it was part of the USSR’s section in East Germany.USSR would attack Japan.German War criminals would be punished.Free elections in USSR occupied countries.Free elections in Poland.The Nazi party would be banned and war criminals prosecuted.Germany would pay $20 billion in reparations half of which would go to the Soviet union.

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59
Q

Who replaced Roosevelt as the president of the USA at the Potsdam Conference?

A

Truman, he was suspicious of Communism and did not like Stalin.

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60
Q

What created tension at the Potsdam Conference in July-Aug 1945? (3)

A

Change of leaders.Stalin wanted influence in Poland.The USA used the atom bomb on Japan without telling the USSR.

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61
Q

When did the USA use the atomic bombs on Japan and what war ended as a result of their use? (2)

A

August 1945 during the Potsdam Conference.WW2 came to an end.

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62
Q

What were the Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam talks known as?

A

Wartime Conferences

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63
Q

What were the consequences of the USA using the atomic bomb against Japan? (2)

A

The USSR began to build their own and this marked the start of the Arms Race.The USSR tightened its control over the Eastern European countries it occupied.

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64
Q

In what year did the USSR develop their own atomic bomb?

A

1949

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65
Q

What did George Kennan’s Long Telegram say about the USSR in 1946?

A

The USSR was expanding its control and was aggressively trying to take over land in Europe

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66
Q

What did the USSR’s Novikov telegram say about the USA In reply?

A

The USA was aggressive and looking to dominate the world with its power.

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67
Q

What Eastern European countries became satellite states of the USSR up to 1948? (5)

A

Poland.East Germany.Hungary.Romania.Bulgaria.

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68
Q

How did different countries, especially Poland come to be Satellite states? (3)

A

Rigged elections.Communists taking key roles in coalition governments,The Red Army.

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69
Q

What did Winston Churchill famously say, in 1946, was happening in Europe?

A

An ‘Iron Curtain’ was developing between free capitalist countries and communist countries.

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70
Q

How did the USA view the USSR’s creation of ‘Satellite states’?

A

An aggressive move, empire building.

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71
Q

What was Stalin’s justification for Satellite states? (2)

A

Communism was good for people.It was a buffer against future invasion.

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72
Q

What was the main message of the Truman Doctrine speech in 1947?

A

To contain/stop the spread of Communism.

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73
Q

What was happening in Greece and Turkey that moved Truman to make the speech when he did? (2)

A

Civil war and communist uprisings.Britain couldn’t deal with the situation so the USA had to do the ‘superpower’ thing by stepping in.

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74
Q

What was the purpose of the Marshall plan?

A

The help Europe recover from the war without turning to Communism, in turn stopping the ‘spread’

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75
Q

What was the importance of the Marshall plan for the world? (3)

A

It increased the USSR’s determination to secure influence of its own.It increased the divide between Communist and Capitalist countries because the USSR pressured their satellite states to reject Marshall Aid.It led to the USSR setting up Cominform and then later Comecon.

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76
Q

Define ‘Satellite State’

A

A country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control from another country.

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77
Q

What was agreed at the Potsdam Conference in July-August 1945? (3)

A

The German economy would be run as a whole.Germany would be divided into four zones administered by the Soviet Union, the USA, Britain and France.Berlin would also be divided into four zones , controlled by different countries, even though it was based well inside soviet-controlled Germany.

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78
Q

How was Germany divided at the end of WW2?

A

Into four zones.French, British, American and Russian.

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79
Q

What was the name given to the to the sum of all three capitalist zones?

A

Trizonia

80
Q

When was trizonia created with the western zones of Germany?

A

1947

81
Q

When did the Western zones of Germany introduce a new currency?

A

Jun-47

82
Q

When was the importance of the Western zones of Germany introducing a new currency?

A

It made the West noticeably richer than the East.

83
Q

How did Stalin respond in June 1948: to the new currency being introduced?

A

He blocked off West Berlin in an attempt to force the West out of the city.

84
Q

How did the USA respond to Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin?

A

Airlifted supplies into the city on a constant flight rotation for many months.

85
Q

What was formed on the 23rd of May, three days after the end of the Blockade?

A

NATO.

86
Q

What was the importance of the Blockade for relations between the USSR and the USA? (2)

A

It showed how ‘cold’ relations had got between the USA and the USSR.It increased tension because it made the USSR look like the bad guys for causing the blockade

87
Q

Which countries joined NATO? (1949)

A

Lots, including - USA, France, GB, Iceland, Canada

88
Q

When did West Germany join NATO?

A

1955

89
Q

Which countries joined the Warsaw Pact ?(1955)

A

Poland, USSR, Hungary, Romania, East Germany, Czechoslovakia…

90
Q

What was the purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?

A

Defence against each other.

91
Q

What had started the arms race back in 1945?

A

The USA’s development and use of an atomic bomb on Japan.

92
Q

How much more powerful was the hydrogen bomb the USA developed in 952 compared to the atomic bomb?

A

1000x

93
Q

What did the USSR develop in 1953?

A

H-bomb.

94
Q

What is an ICBM?

A

Inter-continental ballistic missile, A missile that can fly between continents.

95
Q

When was the first American ICBM developed?

A

1957

96
Q

What failed to be agreed at a summit meeting in July 1955?

A

Disarmament.

97
Q

What was the secret speech?

A

A speech Khrushchev which announced peaceful coexistence and De-Stalinization

98
Q

Why did peaceful coexistence not work out? (2)

A

It was a contradiction .It was based on there being cooperation but at the same time there was no question that Khrushchev would do anything that would make the USSR look bad or weaker in comparison by the USSR.

99
Q

Why were the people of Hungary unhappy in 1956? (4)

A

The brutal secret police.Poor living conditions.Their economy was being exploited by the USSR.Food and raw materials were being taken by the USSR.

100
Q

Who replaced Rakosi as leader of the country? (Hungary)

A

Nagy.

101
Q

What did supporters of Nagy do when they saw Soviet tanks and soldiers?

A

Fought them, often with homemade bombs.

102
Q

Why did the USA not want to get involved in the 1956 Hungarian Uprising? (3)

A

Fear of Nuclear war.Hungary was in the Soviet ‘sphere’ of influence.The Americans were more occupied with a crisis in Egypt over ownership of the Suez Canal.

103
Q

What problem was occuring in 1958 Berlin?

A

A refugee crisis.

104
Q

What was the standard of living like in East Germany?

A

Poor.

105
Q

Why did skilled workers particularly want to leave East Germany?

A

For better pay and greater freedoms.

106
Q

Why were older and more vulnerable people happy to stay in East Germany?

A

They were supported by the state.They knew they would always have an apartment, etc.

107
Q

What was Khrushchev’s ultimatum over the city of Berlin , issued on the 27th November 1958?

A

That the allies should leave the city to make it a neutral /free zone.

108
Q

Due to the fact no side, the east or the west wanted a war, what took place to try and sort out this issue in Berlin?

A

The Paris and Vienna Summits.

109
Q

What major event led to a breakdown in relations during talks in Paris in Many 1960?

A

An American spy plane was shot down in the USSR.

110
Q

How did the US president Kennedy appear tough and determined over Berlin at talks with Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961?

A

He refused to withdraw western forces from Berlin and increased defence spending.

111
Q

What year did the building of the Berlin Wall begin?

A

1961

112
Q

What did East German troops begin doing on the night of August 12th 1961?

A

Building a wall in Berlin.

113
Q

How long was the eventual concrete Berlin Wall?

A

43km (27 miles)

114
Q

How did people try to escape East Berlin while the wall was being built?

A

Jumping the barriers, jumping through checkpoints and jumping out of windows.

115
Q

How did the wall help the USSR?

A

It stopped migration to the West.

116
Q

How did the wall make the USSR look like the bad guys?

A

It made East Germany look like a prison.

117
Q

How was the West able to use the Wall as a propaganda victory?

A

It made East Germany and Communism seem like a prison.

118
Q

What was the theme of the speech that President Kennedy gave in front of the Wall in the June of 1963? (3)

A

That freedom was better than communism.The USA would defend West Berlin.The Berlin wall was strong.

119
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs invasion?

A

1961

120
Q

What were the consequences of the Bay of Pigs? (4)

A

The Kennedy administration was very embarrassed, they looked weak.Fidel Castro sought the protection of the Soviet Union.Pushed Cuba and the USSR closer together.Cuba officially declares support for the Communist regime and begins to cooperate with the USSR.

121
Q

What happened in Cuba in 1959?

A

A revolution.

122
Q

What had President Eisenhower began planning for in 1960?

A

The Bay of Pigs.

123
Q

How big was the invasion force that landed at the Bay of Pigs on the 17th April 1961?

A

Over 1400 Cuban Exiles.

124
Q

Why did the invasion force of Cuban ‘exiles’ fail? (2)

A

The Cuban army knew the plan.They didn’t have enough men or weapons.American support wasn’t enough.

125
Q

How did the failed invasion make the USA look like hypocrites?

A

The USA tried to remove a popular leader and replace them with a dictator.

126
Q

What did Castro do afterwards to demonstrate the forging of stronger links between Cuba and the USSR?

A

Started trading with the USSR.Declared the Cuban revolution to have been a communist one.Began talks with Khrushchev about placing nuclear missiles in Cuba.`

127
Q

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

1962

128
Q

Why was Khrushchev taking steps to place missiles in Cuba? (3)

A

Protect Cuba.Threaten the USA.Even out the balance of power due to the USA having weapons near the USSR.

129
Q

What actions did President Kennedy have to chose between doing to prevent nuclear war? (4)

A

Blockade or Invasion.Bomb Cuba and risk nuclear war.Protest to the UNNothing.

130
Q

What was set up around Cuba on the 22nd of October 1962?

A

A naval blockade.

131
Q

What was the purpose of the naval blockade in 1962?

A

To prevent any further weapons from entering the state of Cuba.

132
Q

What happened when the USSR’s ships reached the naval blockade on the 24th October 1962?

A

They turned around.

133
Q

When did the USSR’s ships reach the naval blockade surrounding Cuba?

A

24th October 1962

134
Q

What was the difference between the two telegrams sent to Kennedy from Khrushchev on the 26th and 27th of October 1962?

A

The first failed to mention the US missiles in Turkey.The second spoke of the missiles.

135
Q

Where did the Nuclear test ban treaty prevent nuclear tests from taking place?

A

Space - The atmosphere.

136
Q

When was the nuclear test ban treaty signed?

A

August 1963.

137
Q

What was the purpose of the ‘Outer Space’ treaty?

A

To stop nuclear weapons being placed in space.

138
Q

When was the ‘Outer Space’ treaty signed?

A

1967

139
Q

What did the nuclear non-proliferation treaty mean?

A

Stop the spread of Nuclear weapons to more countries.

140
Q

When was the nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed?

A

1968

141
Q

When was the Prague Spring?

A

1968

142
Q

Why were the citizens in Czechoslovakia annoyed? (3)

A

No freedoms.Poor living conditions.Declining economy

143
Q

What kind of Communism did Alexander Dubcek want for Czechoslovakia?

A

More ‘relaxed’.More freedoms with the people and more contact with the West.

144
Q

What reforms were part of Dubcek’s ‘Prague Spring’? (4)

A

Free trials.More political freedom.Free travelFree press

145
Q

Why was the Soviet leader Brezhnev worried about the ‘Prague Spring’ reforms?

A

He worried they might bring down communism across Eastern Europe.

146
Q

What eventually happened on 20th August 1968?

A

The USSR and Warsaw pact invaded.

147
Q

What were the Czech army ordered to do while the Warsaw pact troops invaded?

A

Not resist.

148
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine that was developed because of the events in Czechoslovakia?

A

To use force to stop any country that was acting in a way that might cause Communism to fall.

149
Q

How did other countries in the Warsaw Pact (Romania and Yugoslavia) respond to the events in Prague?

A

They were very nervous and did not want to support them.

150
Q

How did Poland and East Germany respond? (Prague Spring) (2)

A

They asked the USSR for support.Cracked down on opposition.

151
Q

Why was the USA in a difficult position to take meaningful action against the USSR? (2)

A

Their economy was in a bad condition.It was in the USSR sphere of influence.

152
Q

What happened to the Cuban exiles who invaded Cuba during the bay of pigs?

A

Most of them were taken hostage or killed.

153
Q

Why was the bay of pigs invasion an embarrassment for Kennedy? (2)

A

Eisenhower had initially planned the military maneuver however his presidential term ended and he was succeeded by John F.Kennedy before he was able to carry out the plan.Kennedy wasn’t able to carry out the plan to the standard that Eisenhower planned and it made him look weak as it was his first military maneuver and was ultimately unsuccessful as he scaled back the size of the invasion.

154
Q

What did the Bay of Pigs invasion mean for the future of the cold war and the relation between the superpowers? (2)

A

The USA and Kennedy looked weak.Cuba was pushed closer to the USSR in alliance, and they ultimately declared their support for the communist regime.

155
Q

What did the Bay of Pigs invasion lead too?

A

The Cuban Missile crisis.

156
Q

Define detente?

A

The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

157
Q

What was Detente?

A

An easing of tensions in the Cold war in the 1970s.

158
Q

Why did the USA want easier relations at this time?

A

Their economy was poor.

159
Q

Why did the USSR want easier relations at this time?

A

Their economy was poor.They wanted to reduce their spending on weapons.

160
Q

What was SALT 1?

A

An attempt to reduce nuclear weapons?

161
Q

What were the three agreements that were made as a part of the Helsinki Accords in August 1975? (3)

A

Security - Eastern European borders would be recognised.Co-operation - The USA and the USSR would share ideas and trade resources.Human Rights - Both countries agreed to protect basic human rights, like free speech.

162
Q

Why did ‘Basket 3’ lead to some disagreement on the part of the USSR?

A

They did not have the same basic understanding of human rights compared to the USA.

163
Q

What was SALT 2 supposed to include?

A

Limiting the number and type of nuclear weapons.

164
Q

What events had led to the spirit of detente beginning to fade by 1979?

A

USSR invaded Afghanistan.

165
Q

Where did the soviet troops invade on Christmas Eve 1979?

A

Afghanistan.

166
Q

What was the name of the pro-Soviet leader put in place in Afghanistan?

A

Mujaheddin.

167
Q

How much did the Afghanistan war cost the USSR per year?

A

$8.2 billion.

168
Q

How many Soviet troops were killed in Afghanistan?

A

50,000

169
Q

How did Carter respond to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? (4)

A

The Carter Doctrine.Sending troops to the Arabian Gulf.Boycotting the Moscow Olympics.Stopping grain shipments.

170
Q

When were the Moscow Olympics?

A

1980

171
Q

Why did it matter that the USA chose to boycott the Olympics?

A

They were willing to mix the bad political situation with sport, something the Olympics had always sought to avoid happening.

172
Q

What were the consequences of the USA boycotting the Olympics? (2)

A

It lowered the standards of it.It potentially damaged the morale of people.

173
Q

What did it do to the relations between the USA and the USSR? (1980)

A

Weakened them very badly.

174
Q

What was beginning to ‘start’ by 1980?

A

‘The Second Cold War’

175
Q

What was Reagan’s attitude towards the USSR and what did he call the USSR in a speech in 1983?

A

He wanted to destroy Communism - ‘Evil’

176
Q

How did Reagan boost and develop defence in the USA?

A

He began spending lots of money and developing new weapons (Neutron Bomb, MX missiles, SDI)

177
Q

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

A

To overwhelm the USSR and win the cold war by spending lots of money on arms.

178
Q

What was the SDI (The Strategic Defense Initiative)?

A

A missile defence system in space using giant lasers.

179
Q

What Treaty from 1967 did the SDI break?

A

Outer Space Treaty.

180
Q

How did SDI put pressure on the USSR?

A

If it existed then in a nuclear war the USA would win as no Soviet missiles would hit the USA.

181
Q

What was Gorbachev alleged to have said to his wife about the USSR when he became leader in 1985?

A

Communism was doomed.

182
Q

What is the English translation of Gorbachev’s two policies, Glasnost and Perestroika?

A

Glasnost - Openness, allowing free speech.Perestroika - Restructuring the economy to allow for independent businesses.

183
Q

How did these policies change the USSR?

A

They allowed people to question Communist parties.

184
Q

Why did Gorbachev go the the Reykjavik summit with a desire to find an agreement on reducing nuclear weapons?

A

The USSR’s economy was broken and he had no money to spend on weapons.

185
Q

What Treaty was signed in December 1987 between the USA and USSR?

A

INF - reduced the number of shorter range missiles.

186
Q

What did Gorbachev announce to the UN in November 1988?

A

He was reducing his army by 500,000

187
Q

When did Hungary take its fence with non-communist Austria down?

A

1989

188
Q

What happened in June 1989 after solidarity was legalised in Poland?

A

They won the elections and Walesa became president.

189
Q

What did huge number of East Germans begin doing in September 1989 and through which country?

A

Leaving East Germany through Hungary.

190
Q

When did the border between East and West Germany open and what happened to the wall?

A

1989 - It was ripped down.

191
Q

What was the ‘Velvet’ Revolution in Czechoslovakia?

A

A peaceful revolution from Communist to Democratic rule.

192
Q

What happened to the brutal Communist president of Romania in December 1989?

A

He was hung by his own people.

193
Q

What reasons were there for why the Warsaw Pact countries began to act so independently? (4)

A

Gorbachev said he wouldn’t uphold the Brezhnev Doctrine.Gorbachev allowed freedom of speech and business in the USSR The economies were very different and all quite poor.The Cold war was ending.

194
Q

How did the Communist hardliners turn on Gorbachev because of the breakup of the Warsaw pact?

A

They arrested him and tired to take power using force.

195
Q

What happened when Gorbachev announced his resignation as leader of the USSR on christmas day 1991? (2)

A

The communist party was outlawed and Yeltsin took over Russia.All the parts of the USSR became independent countries.

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