Cold War 1950s And 60s

Question 1

What was khrushchev’s initial objective as leader of USSR ?

Answer 1

He wanted to introduce de-stalinization, he wanted better relations with the US and to introduce peaceful co-existence

Question 2

What was the secret speech and when was it given?

Answer 2

Given in February 1956 at the 20th congress of communist party - speech given by Krushchev criticising Stalin and introducing peaceful coexistence and de Stalinisation

Question 3

What implications did the speech have for the Easter bloc?

Answer 3

It implied that The USSR would take a more layed back approach and would have more lenience.

Question 4

Explain what happened upon unexpected death of Boleslaw Beirut?

Answer 4

Died in 1956 Krushchev introduced new polish leader Ochev to introduce de stalinisation

Question 5

Why was force not used to re-Affirm soviet control in Poland on Oct 1956?

Answer 5

This is because Poland did not threaten to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and agreed to not go against fundamental communist beliefs

Question 6

List 5 things students in Hungary demanded on October 1956?

Answer 6

They demanded Imre Nagy appointed as their PM, freedom of speech, multi party elections, uncensored press and to wear western clothes

Question 7

Describe what happened between 31st October and 3rd of November?

Answer 7

The Hungarian uprising - Nagy was appointed PM and wanted soviet troops out of Hungary. 1st nov he declared Hungary’s withdraw from the Warsaw Pact which led to , on the 3rd of Nov 15 divisions of red army to invade so rounding Budapest

Question 8

What was the impact of the Hungarian uprising?

Answer 8

4,000 died, 200,000 went into self imposed exile and 15 divisions of red army so rounded Budapest crushing uprising

Question 9

Define peaceful coexistence?

Answer 9

Belief that communism is so strong it does not have to be maintained through force

Question 10

Why did Khrushchev Pursue peace coexistence?

Answer 10

To show that communism was the superior ideology as force wasn’t required to maintain it and to prevent nuclear war

Question 11

What was agreed at the Austrian state treaty 1955?

Answer 11

All occupying forces would retreat from Austria and it would be made a democratic neutral state

Question 12

Two major issues discussed at the Geneva summit in sept 1955?

Answer 12

Open skies agreement suggested by Eisenhower to allow reconnaissance flights over ussr and USA military installations so both sides can be aware of capabilities

Discussed issues to do with division of Germany and proposed reunifying Germany

Question 13

What was discussed at camp David talks sept 1959?

Answer 13

The Berlin situation and disarmament

Question 14

Why did the Paris summit collapse on 1st May 1960 ?

Answer 14

Due to discovery of U2 spy plane flown by Gary powers by the soviets in their land

Question 15

Why did Kennedy’s agenda seen to damn future of peaceful coexistence?

Answer 15

He wanted to take strong stance against communism not helpful in negotiations

Question 16

Explain the development of the arms race March 1954-1959?

Answer 16

IBCM were developed in 1957

Question 17

What was the Gaither report ?

Answer 17

It was a report which discussed the missile gap between the USSR and USA that claimed the USSR were leading 100-30

Question 18

Explain the development of the space race from OCT 1957-1960?

Answer 18

1957 saw launch of Sputnik huge success for the USSR and USA failed with flupnik in 1958

Question 19

What was the Berlin ultimatum and when was it issued?

Answer 19

The Berlin ultimatum took place in Nov 1958 and it was proposed by USSR saying if USA didn’t withdraw troops and free Berlin within 6 months from Berlin then they would hand over power of Berlin to the GDR

Question 20

Why did Krushchev close the border between east and West Berlin in AUG 1961?

Answer 20

To prevent the ‘brain drain’ young talented individuals from immigrating into West

Question 21

What were the outcomes of the Berlin Wall?

Answer 21

136 people died trying to cross the wall and it eased tensions and chances of military interventions

Question 22

Why were the US for interested in Cuba prior to 1959?

Answer 22

It was considered their ‘backyard’ and was were the mafia operated - source of income full of casinos ect

Question 23

What were the mains of Eisenhower administration in relation to Cuba ?

Answer 23

To maintain it as a democratic state and maintenance of Us relations with Cuba

Question 24

How did Anastas Mikoyan exasperate US concerns over Cuba ?

Answer 24

Visited Cuba and arranged exchange of $100million dollar credits to Castro making Cuba politically and economically tied with the USSR

Question 25

Why did Castro become increasingly dependent on the USSR?

Answer 25

This is because the USA stopped allowing access to oil refinement and other things pushing Cuba to become reliant on USSR

Question 26

Explain what happened in the bay of pigs invasion ?

Answer 26

1,500 Cuban exiles were trained by the CIA and dropped of at the bay of pigs in an attempt to raise a movement leading to overthrowing Castro- this plan failed exiles outnumbered

Question 27

What was operation mongoose ?

Answer 27

Operation introduced by Kennedy in 1961 in which attempts were made to overthrow Castro using covert operations

Question 28

What was operation Anadyr?

Answer 28

A operation carried out by the USSR where they supplied Cuba with nuclear weapons and other technology

Question 29

Explain what happened in the 13 days of crisis ?

Answer 29

U2 spy plane over Cuba found evidence of missiles and took photos. Photos shown to Kennedy who went to excomm to discuss the next steps. Chose a quarantine of ussr ships to Cuba. 26th Oct Khrushchev proposed the dismantling of missiles in Cuba is the USA swore not to invade 27th Oct further added to this demand with removing missiles from turkey 28th Oct Kennedy agreed public ally to not invade Cuba and privately to remove missiles from turkey

Question 30

How did Kennedy’s attitude towards ussr change after Cuban missile crisis?

Answer 30

He understood USSR better and had more mutual respect

Question 31

How did Krushchev’s attitude towards USA change after Cuban missile crisis?

Answer 31

Also had mutual respect and wanted to prevent any more brinkmanship

Question 32

What was the hot line and when was it set up?

Answer 32

It was set up In 1963 and it linked the White House with the Kremlin allowing immediate communications between them

Question 33

What was the Moscow test ban treaty ? When was it signed ?

Answer 33

It was signed in 1963 and it placed. Restrictions on where missiles could be tested NOT under water or on land or in skies underground allowed

Question 34

Why was it partial or limited ?

Answer 34

Countries such as China and France did not sign it and it didn’t limit testing of missiles underground

Question 35

What Technology did the USSR develops that made MAD in effective ?

Answer 35

Anti ballistic missiles

Question 36

When did the people’s republic of China join elite club of nuclear powers?

Answer 36

1964

Question 37

When was Khrushchev dismissed from power? How and why did this happen?

Answer 37

He was dismissed in Oct 1964 due to the way he handles the Cuban missile crisis

Question 38

When was Kennedy assassination?

Answer 38

Nov 1963