Cold war Flashcards
Who was the usa leader for the tehran conference
Franklin Roosevelt
Who was the leader for the uk during the tehran confrence
Winston churchill
Who was leader for the ussr during the terhan confernce
Joseph Stalin
Main diffrences between the US and Britain compared to USSR
Ussr was a single party rule
Wheras uk and the us where free elections with a choice of parties
Economy and social structure the ussr belived in classless society everyone is equal and all property owend by the state not people
Whereas in the UK and France private ownership and a competitve workplace and some people have more power than others due to a family backround
Signifcance of the tehran confernce
Was a rise of tensions between roosevelt and churchill due to roosevelt siding with stalin and not building the second front in the balkans but in europe also this was mainly discussed how they were going to take down Germany.
When was the tehran confernce
Novemeber 1943
What had stalin think about before going into the tehran conference
Stalin had arrived in Tehran concerned that the USA and Britain were
deliberately delaying a ‘second front’ against Germany so that the Soviet
Union could be further weakened by having to fight a fierce defensive war
in the East.
How did america find out about the missile
On the 14th of october 1962 an american U-2 spy plans took pictures of what seemed to be launch pads for missiles
Consequence of the tehran conference
Was how churchill felt threatend due to how roosevlet took joseph stalins side also how it sees uk as a bit of a threat.
What were the reasons khrushev was quite thretand by jfk
In Europe, NATO had missiles based in Turkey, just a short distance from
the Soviet Union. Khrushchev believed it was time for the USA to feel
what it was like to be under threat.
What year was jfk elected
1960
When was kehusev elected
1958
Who was the cuban leader
In 1959, Fidel Castro and had a strong relationship with nikita khrushev
What were the thirteen days
The thirteen days was a series events throughout from the 16-28th october 1962 was the closest moment in the entire cold war to nuclear weapons being used
16th october
Kennedy called together an Executive Committee (ExComm
for short) to discuss how the USA should react. ExComm met every day for
thirteen days, during which the world faced the threat of nuclear war.
22nd of october
After several days of discussion, on 22 October, Kennedy decided not to
launch an attack. Instead he set up a naval blockade around Cuba. No ships
would be allowed to pass through the blockade without US permission.
24th october
On 24 October, the Soviet ships reached the blockade - and turned around!
Dean Rusk, the US Secretary of State, told Kennedy, I think the other guy
just blinked!’
26th october
n 26 October, when Khrushchev sent Kennedy a telegram offering to
remove missiles from Cuba if the Americans agreed not to invade.
Before Kennedy could respond, another telegram arrived on
27th october
27 October,
saying Khrushchev would remove the missiles only if US missiles in Turkey
were also removed. On the same day an American U-2 plane was shot down
over Cuba. The Hawks* in the USA demanded military action, but Kennedy
refused to take that route.
28th october
On 28 October, Khrushchev sent his
agreement.
We now know that Kennedy’s brother, Robert had met the Soviet
ambassador in Washington the day before and agreed to remove the Turkish
missiles. However, this part of the deal was kept secret.
Consequences of the cuban missile crisis
In June 1963, a direct communications line was set
up between Washington and Moscow. This became
known as the ‘hotline.
Many missile treatys where formed as the 1963 test ban treaty was when prohibit the test of nuclear bombs in outer space underwater or in the atmosphere
Also in 1967 outer space treaty was formed the USA and Soviet Union agreed not to use Space
for military purposes. The treaty specifically ruled out
putting nuclear weapons into orbit.
When was comecon
1949
What is comecon
It stands for the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance.
was established on
25 January 1949, two years after the Marshall Plan
was announced. Its members were the Soviet Union,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and
East Germany. Albania joined the following year. Its aims was to strengthen its buffer zone through increased economic ties with the Eastern European nations.
Berlin blockade
supplies every day and the British achieved a similar rate. In the peak month of
flying, January 1949, no fewer than 170,000 tonnes of supplies were sent into
Berlin by Western aircraft. This is called operation vittales. On 9 May 1949, nearly a year later, the Soviets gave in and lifted the blockade.
Win berlin what east and west called
East was called GDR ( german democraric republic)
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
NATO, 1949
April 1949, the USA, Britain, France and nine other Western countries
joined together in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The
members of NATO agreed that, if any member was attacked, al members
of NATO would come to its assistance.
The Warsaw Pact, 1955
the Soviet
Union formed an equivalent communist defensive military alliance - the
Warsaw Pact. The members were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and the German Democratic Republic
(East Germany). These countries became known as the ‘Eastern bloc’.
The significance of the arms
However, Stalin instructed his scientists to
work all-out to develop a Soviet atomic bomb and it
was achieved by 1949. In response, the USA developed
a hydrogen bomb in 1952. This was 1,000 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb and restored the
American advantage. One year later, the Soviet Union also
had a hydrogen bomb.
When did stalin die and consequence
March 1953 the consquence of it was Stalin’s death led to a temporary thaw in Cold War tensions. In 1955, Austria regained its sovereignty and became an independent, neutral nation after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. The next year, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his policies at the 20th Communist Party conference.
The Hungarian Uprising, 1956 pt1
During 1956 the people of Hungary began to protest about their lack
of political freedoms and problems created by fuel shortages and poor
harvests.
October, there were riots in the capital, Budapest, and police
clashed with protesters. Soviet troops restored order, but Khrushchev
decided to replace Rakosi with Ime Nagy. He was a former prime minister
who believed that within a communist regime, there should still be personal
freedoms. Khrushchev hoped his appointment would end the protests.
Hungarian uprising pt2
Within days of his appointment Nagy announced a set of proposed reforms.
He reorganised the Hungarian government to include members of non-
communist parties, ending the one-party state in Hungary. He also authorised
the immediate release of many political prisoners and persuaded Khrushchev
to withdraw Soviet troops from Hungary. Khrushchev was prepared to accept
these reforms if they calmed the unrest in Hungary.
Khrushchev’s response to the uprising
However, on 1 November 1956, Nagy announced that Hungary would leave
the Warsaw Pact. Khrushchev could not allow this. If Hungary broke away
from the Warsaw Pact, other Eastern European countries might follow. Then
the whole strategy of achieving security for the Soviet Union by surrounding
it with pro-Communist governments would be under threat. Khrushchev
therefore ordered a Soviet invasion of Hungary. On 4 November, 1,000 tanks
rolled into Budapest. Supporters of Nagy put up a fight in what has become
known as the ‘Hungarian Uprising’ and begged the West for support (see
Source C), but no support came. The invading Soviet army acted with great
brutality and it is believed that up to 20,000 Hungarians were killed as the
Soviet forces re-established control. A new pro-Communist government was
set up under Janos Kadar.
Consequences of the hungarian uprising
Many thousands of Hungarians were arrested and 26,000 Hungarians were tried with additional imprisonments and executions as a result. Nagy was arrested and executed. He was replaced by János Kádár who crushed the remaining resistance.
International reaction t o t h e Soviet
invasion of Hungary
When Nagy had proposed leaving the Warsaw Pact, he and his fellow
rebels expected support from the USA and other Western nations. Radio
Free Europe, a US government-funded radio station, regularly broadcast
messages urging the people of Eastern Europe to rise up against the
communist regime. Since the US had offered financial aid through the
Marshall Plan, people in Eastern Europe assumed they would be ready to
help in other ways.
Eisenhower was sympathetic to the Hungarians, and some NATO nations in
Europe did take in Hungarian refugees, but no military support was offered
to the Hungarians during the uprising.
What was the usa belief
To contain communism
What was the impact of the Hungarian Uprising on
international relations?
The Hungarian Uprising made Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union
much more secure and gave him a stronger position in the Warsaw Pact.
Members knew they must do as they were told. If they rebelled they could
not expect military support from the USA. Khrushchev also became more
confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew they were unlikely
to risk taking military action.
The USA intervenes in Cuba: the
‘Bay of Pigs’ incident
The CIA suggested
that a group of Cuban exiles could be trained to launch
an invasion and overthrow Castro. Sending Cuban
exiles would make the attack look like a Cuban counter-
revolution, so the USA could claim not to have been
involved
On 17 April 1961, an invasion force of around 1,400
Cuban exiles landed at the ‘Bay of Pigs’ in Cuba.
The USA hoped they would topple the Castro regime
and put a new US-friendly government in control of the
island. The attempted coup was a complete failure, for reasons such as it was a 20,000 vs 1400
The USA and the exile army wrongly assumed that
most Cubans would support them. But many ordinary
Cubans felt happy with Castro and did not rush to
lend their support.
Due to the evidence such as wrecked areoplanes usa were caught and was a public humilation
Who was czech leader of government
Alexander dubcek
Prague spring
In 1968, Alexander Dubcek was elected as First Secretary
of the Czech Communist Party - in effect, the head of
the Czech government. The Soviet leadership approved
of Dubcek and trusted him to make the government
of Czechoslovakia more effective and less unpopular,
while keeping the country completely loyal to the Soviet
Prague spring pt2
Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw Pact and a
devoted communist. He believed that communism
was the right political path but should not make life
miserable. A communist government should offer
‘socialism* with a human face. He thought citizens
should be able to enjoy life, express their views in public
and speak out against Communist Party decisions they
did not like, without fear of being punished by the
government.
The reforms Dubcek introduced
from April became
known as the ‘Prague Spring’, after the country’s capital.
• Censorship was relaxed and criticism of government
actions was allowed.
• Trade unions were given wider powers and
government control of industry was reduced.
• More power was given to the Czech regional
governments.
• Trade with the West was increased.
• Czech people were given greater freedom to travel
abroad.
Soviet reaction to prague spring reforms
On 20 August 1968, 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded
Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring. There
was little opposition to the invasion. Brezhnev had
ordered the Czech army to remain in its barracks, just
in case it tried to fight back. The Czech people could do
little against such a powerful force, though there were
individual acts of bravery, such as blocking roads or
attacking individual tanks. The invading forces were told
that they had been invited to help restore law and order
by the Czech government. They were shocked by the
hostility they encountered.
Which made communist unattractive
What happend to dubcek
Dubcek was arrested, sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms. Then in 1969 he was dismissed from office and replaced by Gustav Husak. Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow
Brezhnev docterine
movement in Europe. On 26 September 1968, the Soviet
paper, Pravda, set out what was to become known
as the Brezhnev Doctrine*. Brezhnev said that the
actions of any individual communist country affected
all communist countries. So if one country’s actions
threaten other countries, then it was the duty of those
countries to take steps to stop those actions. And will not be able to make reforms
What were gorbechevs new ideas for the soviet union
Perestroika*
Russian for ‘reconstruction. It
was used in the Gorbachev era
to describe his programme for
reorganising and restructuring
the Soviet state.
Glasnost*
Russian for’openness’ or
‘transparency’. In the 1980s and
1990s, it was used to describe
Gorbachev’s new, more open,
attitude to government and
foreign relations.
Gorbachev’s new thinking in action
During the first four years of Gorbachev’s leadership of the Soviet Union,
significant steps were made to bring about further limitations on nuclear
weapons.
Consequences of gorbechevs new thinking
Where a series of summits the most important ones such as Reykjavik Summit
October 1986 which was discussed how nuclear weapons shall be put to a stop but nothing was agreed due to america not wanthing to lose sti but relations improved
Washington summit 1987 whcih was were theinf treaty was agreed which is both countriesnwould abloish all land based misssiles with a range of 500-5000k
What was agreed at potsdam
The big three plus france would divide germany and Berlin between them
What was the iron curtain speech about
Demonstartes the breakdown of the grand alliance
What was the long telegram in (February 1946)
• Issued to President Truman about the USSR.
• It said that Stalin had given a speech in favour of the destruction of capitalism.
• It warned of the USSR trying to weaken and divide Western powers, while building the strength of its own military.
What was the novikov telegram
• Issued to Stalin about the USA.
• The report claimed that the USA was pursuing world supremacy.
• It warned that the USA was trying to limit the influence of the USSR in Europe.
What is the Truman docterine
The USA pledged to support any nation threatened by a communist takeover.
This support could be diplomatic, military or financial. For example, the USA gave $400 million of aid to Turkey and Greece to stop communism spreading.
Whats the marshall plan
This promised $17 billion of aid to European countries to help rebuild their economies
— the areas of Germany under Western occupation benefited massively. Stalin, however, ordered all of his satellite states to reject the plan. He believed the USA was using economic incentives to lure Eastern European states away from the USSR.
What was the aftermath of the berlin blockade
When it became clear that the West was determined not to withdraw from Berlin, Stalin had to lift the blockade.
It was also clear that Germany would remain divided.
2)
In 1949, two separate states were formed - West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) and communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic).
Truman doctrine list of if they can help
Countries faced a choice between communism
USA must try contain the spread of comunismm or capitilism
What was the arms race
1) During the Cold War, the USA and the USSR worked to develop the most powerful weapons they could - there was an arms race.
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Neither side really wanted to use these weapons, but both felt the other couldn’t be allowed to gain an advantage. The fear was that if either gained a significant military advantage, that country might be tempted to trigger a war to take advantage of it.
Comniform
Cominform stood for the Communist Information Bureau. Stalin set it up in 1947.
The bureau organised all the communist parties in Europe and arranged their leadership so they would do what Moscow
Come
Econd
It wa
Mars
Key
told them to.
Key points:
Cominform got rid of any opposition to the Soviet Union’s control in satellite states.
It encouraged communist parties in Wester countries to block Marshall
Plan assistance.
Consequence of NATO
The Soviet Union therefore turned to strengthening its control over Eastern Eurce, resulting in the formation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955.
Whats destalinislation
Destalinisation meant that the Soviet
Union no longer saw itself as a dictacorship Instead it became a one-party state, governed by the Politburo with Khrushchev as its leader.
Many Hungarians mistakenly believed that the end of Stalin’s rule would bring an end to communism in Hungary, especially as Soviet troops had already withdrawn from reighbouring Austria,
Who was the leader of cuba
Fidel castro
Arms race timelime
Usa developed a atomic bomb during the second world war
Then in 1949 succeeded in exploding its own atomic bomb
Than the ussr had followed with its own hydrogen bomb in 1955
Arms race part 2
In 1957, the Soviets test-fired the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), which could strike the USA after being launched from within the USSR, and which was virtually unstoppable.
The USAs Atlas ICBM was launched later the same year, and the USA quickly increased its stock of these missiles until it had a significant advantage over the USSR
Then the USSR began catching up again, as American resources were diverted into a war in Vietnam.
