Cold War

Question 1

What is the Cold War?

Answer 1

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) after World War II.

Not included in the list: Important events

Question 2

Who was Igor Gouzenko?

Answer 2

Soviet spy and cipher clerk in Canada who defected with 109 documents on Soviet espionage on September 5, 1945.

Exposed Soviet efforts to steal nuclear secrets. Revealed widespread Soviet spying in the West.

Question 3

What is Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)?

Answer 3

A military strategy during the Cold War where if one country launches nuclear weapons, both countries will be destroyed.

Purpose: To prevent either the USA or USSR from starting a nuclear war. Effect: Maintained peace by making sure both sides knew they would be totally destroyed.

Question 4

What is NATO?

Answer 4

North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Allies: USA vs. Warsaw Pact (USSR) TBD more specific.

Question 5

What is the Iron Curtain?

Answer 5

Churchill’s term for the division between Eastern (communist) and Western (democratic) Europe.

Question 6

What was the idea of containment during the Cold War?

Answer 6

The ideology of stopping communism by standing up to the Soviets.

Question 7

Who was Pierre Trudeau?

Answer 7

Canadian Prime Minister known for the ‘Just Society’ initiative and promoting multiculturalism.

KEY POINTS: 15th Prime Minister of Canada for 16 years. Patriated the Canadian Constitution in 1982. Creates Canadian policy of Multiculturalism.

Question 8

What was the ‘Just Society’?

Answer 8

Trudeau’s vision for a fair and equitable Canada through distribution of wealth. He emphasised the importance of human rights, equality, and multiculturalism.

THE JUST SOCIETY IMPACT & Grade:1969 was a big year

Question 9

What was the movement for Quebec’s independence from Canada known as?

Answer 9

Movement for Quebec’s independence from Canada.

Question 10

Federal cabinet minister

Answer 10

Economic Groups (B-): Pierre against capitalism, increases taxes on corporations, soon dropped, makes unemployment insurance more fair for all. PetroCan _ controversial national energy program, f.govern gas and oil to 50%.

Question 11

Indigenous Groups

Answer 11

Assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian culture through the white paper, sparks outrage and is revoked by the red paper. Kidnap Indigenous children, around 15,000.

Example: The white paper was a government policy aimed at assimilating Indigenous peoples into Canadian society.

Question 12

Quebec Separation -Ellis

Answer 12

Movement for Quebec’s independence from Canada, peaking in the 1980 and 1995 referendums.

Question 13

FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) Ellis

Answer 13

Militant group advocating for Quebec independence; responsible for the October Crisis.

View: Saw French-speaking Quebecois as victims.

Question 14

War Measures Act -Ellis

Answer 14

War Measures Act - October Crisis (1970)

Purpose: To suspend civil liberties and deploy the military.

Question 15

Constitution Act, 1982 - Thao

Answer 15

Patriated the Canadian Constitution, including the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes fundamental freedoms, mobility rights, legal rights, equality rights, official languages, minority language rights, Aboriginal rights, rights for Canadian citizens, and the Notwithstanding Clause.

Question 16

Bill 101 -Ellis

Answer 16

Quebec’s law to protect the French language.

What: The Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).

Question 17

Official Languages Act - Ellis

Answer 17

Made English and French the official languages of Canada, giving Equal

Key Points: Equality, Services, Communication, Promotion, Bilingualism.

Question 18

October Crisis (1970) -Ellis

Answer 18

Kidnapping of government officials by FLQ; led to the invocation of the War Measures Act.

Background: Radical Quebec group FLQ wanted Quebec’s independence.

Question 19

Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Thao

Answer 19

Part of the Constitution Act, 1982, ensuring fundamental rights and freedoms for Canadians.

Question 20

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Ellis

Answer 20

Confrontation between the USA and USSR over Soviet missiles in Cuba; closest point to nuclear war.

Question 21

FLQ activities

Answer 21

FLQ’s activities ceased in 1971; the group had only around 35 members.

Demonstrated the seriousness of separatist movements in Quebec. Highlighted the government’s willingness to use extreme measures.

Question 22

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Answer 22

Part of the Constitution Act, 1982, ensuring fundamental rights and freedoms for Canadians.

None

Question 23

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Answer 23

Confrontation between the USA and USSR over Soviet missiles in Cuba; closest point to nuclear war.

None

Question 24

Divorce Laws

Answer 24

Illegal: Divorce was illegal in Canada until 1968.

Expectation: Once married, you were expected to stay married. Reason for Divorce: Only abuse was considered an acceptable reason for divorce. Consequence: Led to many unhappy marriages.

Question 25

Americanization

Answer 25

Exposure: Television and music increased Canadians' exposure to American culture. ## Footnote Impact: Influenced Canada's national identity. Shift: Moved away from British influence towards American influence.

Question 26

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Answer 26

Location: Suez Canal, Egypt. Event: Egypt took control of the canal from Britain and France. Reaction: Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt to get the canal back. Result: USA and USSR pressured them to stop and leave Egypt. Impact: Showed the decline of British and French power and the rise of USA and USSR influence in the Middle East. ## Footnote None

Question 27

White Paper / Red Paper (1969)

Answer 27

White Paper proposed assimilation of Indigenous peoples; Red Paper was the Indigenous response rejecting it. ## Footnote None

Question 28

White Paper (1969)

Answer 28

Goal: Assimilate Indigenous peoples with other Canadians. Remove special status and treaty rights. Abolish the Department of Indian Affairs. Belief: No new treaties with Indigenous peoples. Remove Indigenous voices in government.

Question 29

Red Paper (Aboriginal Response to White Paper)

Answer 29

Cultural Protections: Emphasised the importance of preserving Indigenous cultures, languages, and traditions. Control: Advocated for Indigenous communities to have economic and political autonomy, including self-governance. Social Services: Called for equal access to health, education, and social services, ensuring that Indigenous peoples receive the same standards of care and opportunities as other Canadians. Land Rights: Reaffirmed the importance of land rights and treaties, opposing the White Paper's attempt to terminate these agreements. Identity and Recognition: Stressed the need for recognition of Indigenous identity and rights within the Canadian Constitution.

Question 30

Fall of Communism (1989-1991)

Answer 30

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989): Symbolised the end of communist control in Eastern Europe. Eastern European Changes: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania. Soviet Union Reforms: Introduced economic and political changes. End of the Soviet Union (1991): The Baltic States declared independence. Impact: End of communist rule. New independent nations formed. Increased U.S. influence and spread of democracy. ## Footnote None

Question 31

What was Canada's first research rocket?

Answer 31

Black Brant research rocket ## Footnote Canada's first research rocket, was launched in 1959 designed to study upper atmospheric phenomena that could interfere with radio communications.

Question 32

When was Canada's Alouette I satellite launched?

Answer 32

Alouette I satellite ## Footnote Canada was the 3rd in the world to design and launch a satellite into orbit, it launched September 29, 1962.

Question 33

What was the purpose of Apollo 11's landing gear?

Answer 33

Apollo 11 landing gear ## Footnote The Space Race ended when the United States successfully landed humans on the moon. Landing gear designed by a Quebec company including eight telescopic legs that would absorb the impact of landing and provide a stable launch platform.

Question 34

Who aimed to make national wealth equal in Canada?

Answer 34

Trudeau ## Footnote Trudeau aimed to make national wealth equal.