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cold war Flashcards

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1
Q

what is capitalism

A

the focus on individual rights, freedom and trade

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2
Q

what is communism

A

the focus on the rights of working class and equality

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3
Q

what happened in 1917 to do with Russia and the west

A

the communists overthrew the Russian government

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4
Q

what happened in 1922 (russa/ussr/soviet union)

A

Russia merged with 5 neighbouring States to form a new country - the Soviet Union. over time more land was added which made it feared as a communist empire

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5
Q

what were the issues at the Tehran conference

A

how to defeat Hitler
Germany’s future
Eastern Europe (what to do with it)
war against Japan

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6
Q

what were the disagreements over Germanys future (T. conference)

A
  • stalin thought Germany should be forced to give up land and pay reparations
  • Roosevelt and Churchill felt Germany should be rebuilt
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7
Q

what were the disagreements over Eastern Europe (T. conference)

A
  • stalin wanted to take parts of Poland
  • Britain and America were not happy but agreed
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8
Q

what were the disagreements about the war against Japan (T. conference)

A
  • usa and Britain wanted the ussr to enter the war against Japan
  • ussr would not agree until Germany was defeated
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9
Q

what happened at the yalta conference

A
  • it was agreed that Germany would pay for the damage done in the war with half going to the ussr
  • Big three agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals
  • stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany had surrendered
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10
Q

why was Russia scared of Germany

A

Germany had invaded the ussr twice in 30 years and stalin wanted to make sure it didn’t happen again

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11
Q

what did the ussr hope poland would be

A

expanded westwards by giving it parts of germany

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12
Q

what kind of government did stalin want in Poland

A

a pro soviet government

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13
Q

where was there an alternative government and why did Churchill prefer them

A

in London who were anti communist

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14
Q

what happened between 28/11 and 01/12/1943

A

Tehran conference

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15
Q

what happened between 04/02 and 11/02/1945

A

yalta conference

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16
Q

when did Roosevelt die

A

12/04/1945

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17
Q

when was ve day

A

08/05/1945

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18
Q

what happened between 17/07 and 02/08/45

A

potsdam conference

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19
Q

what happened on 26/07/1945

A

Clement Attlee replaces Churchill

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20
Q

what was agreed at the potsdam conference

A
  • Germany would be divided into 4 zones
  • Berlin would be divided into 4 zones
  • ban the nazis x
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21
Q

what were points of disagreements at the potsdam conference

A
  • government of Eastern Europe
  • Poland borders
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22
Q

what was the iron curtain

A

a figurative line that divided the communist East from the capitalist west in europe

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23
Q

what is an iron fist

A

used by Truman to describe a tougher approach to the ussr

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24
Q

what is a warmonger

A

someone who wishes to provoke a war

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25
Q

what was ussr control over the baltic states like

A

conquered by the soviet Union in 1940
no pretence of them being separated
treated as part of the ussr

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26
Q

what was ussr control over Poland like

A

Poland staged a rebellion in 1944 called the Warsaw uprising
Soviets invaded once the rebellion was crushed
New rigged election in 1947 - communist government return
london poles were forced to flee

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27
Q

what was ussr control over Romania like

A

party dominated by communists was set up
ussr forced them to appoint a new prime minister on 1945
monarchy was abolished in 1947

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28
Q

what was ussr control over Bulgaria like

A

left wing parties took over in 1944
abolished anyone who could expose them

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29
Q

what was ussr control over yugoslovakia like

A

never occupied by the red army at the end of ww2
the president and stalin got on well until he didn’t follow orders
expelled from communist info bureau

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30
Q

what was ussr control over Albania like

A

took over in 1945
never occupied by the red army
quite independent

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31
Q

what was ussr control over Hungary like

A

free elections in 1945 which saw a non communist party in power
rigged elections in 1947
communist state by 1949, all other parties were banned

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32
Q

what was ussr control over czechoslovakia like

A

only democracy in Eastern Europe (1919-1938)
communists were the largest party from 1946
communists used the army to seize control in 1948
non communist foreign secretary was murdered
other parties were banned

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33
Q

what was ussr control over the east of Germany like

A

fully controlled
voters were intimidated
communist government was elected
separate communist state in 1949

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34
Q

what is a satellite state

A

country that is officially independent but is controlled by another country

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35
Q

3 examples of satellite states

A

Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland

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36
Q

how did the ussr deal with free elections

A

they fixed them as much as possible

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37
Q

how did the ussr behave once in power

A

got rid of opposition parties and made each country a single party state

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38
Q

how did the ussr keep control in communist parties

A
  • made them obey Moscow
  • atmosphere of fear and mistrust
  • using police and army
  • made them dependent on the ussr
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39
Q

what was the Truman Doctrine

A

it stated that there was a choice between communist tyranny and democratic freedom, America had to fight for liberty, America would help the government that was threatened by communists, communists should not beallowed to grow

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40
Q

why was the truman doctrine significant

A

it said america had responsibility to protect the world and it divided the world according to ideology - capitalism and communism were in opposition

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41
Q

what was Marshall aid

A

$13 billion of American money to rebuild Europe and beat communism

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42
Q

what was the marshall plan

A

committed to rebuild the shattered economies of Europe through $13 billion and weaken the attraction of communism

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43
Q

what is dollar imperialism

A

‘buying’ an empire:
- usa offered aid to ussr but it was not accepted
- truman saw his policy as a defensive measure
- stalin saw it as usa trying to extend their influence in europe

44
Q

what happened to the grand alliance from 1947

A

it was completely over - usa was in direct opposition to the ussr

45
Q

what were the aims of the communist information bureau

A

controlling governments of satellite states and make them follow communism and take orders from Moscow

46
Q

what were the effects of the communist information bureau

A

satellite states were encouraged to concentrate on trading with other cominform members, rejected marshall plan, spread propaganda about usa

47
Q

when was cominform established

A

22 September 1947

48
Q

what were the aims of comecon

A

communist states keep their independence and did not want the USA to become influential

it was the ussr’s version of the marshal aid

49
Q

what were the effects of comecon

A

intensified conflict between europe

50
Q

what did comecon mean

A

Council for mutual economic assistance

51
Q

when was comecon established

A

25 January 1949

52
Q

how did the west strengthen Germany in 1947

A

they set up trizonia- Britain, USA and France came together to support Germany economically

53
Q

what did trizonia do

A

it recognised there were two Germany- est and west

54
Q

what were the events of Berlin blockade

A

> 1948- stalin decided to shut off the land routes across soviet controlled Germany
trizonia couldn’t communicate with the capital of Berlin and Berlin ran out of food
western allies launched operation vittles to fly out food, coal and other necessities along the air corridors
people of west Berlin built a new airport at berlin-tegel so that supplies could he landed in western zones
1949- Soviets gave in and lifted the blockade there were no casualties

55
Q

what were the results of the Berlin blockade

A

Cold War got worse -almost started a hot war
East and West Germany split up
Nato and the Warsaw pack were set up
Arms race between USA and ussr

56
Q

what was nato

A

an alliance between Western allies (North Atlantic Treaty organisation)

57
Q

what was the Warsaw pack

A

alliance between communist states

58
Q

when was the Warsaw pack made and who was in it

A

formed in 1955 with soviet Union, Poland and est Germany

59
Q

what was the timeline of the arms race

A

11/1952: uusa successfully tests hydrogen bomb
01/1953: esienhower takes office as usa president
03/1953: stalin dies
08/1953: ussr successfully test hydrogen bomb
05/1955: German federal Republic (West Germany) joins nato
02/1956: khrushcchev (new leader of ussr) criticises stalin
11/1956: Hungarian uprising crushed
06/1957: usa launches first iner continental ballistic missile
08/1957: ussr tests first icbm
06/1958: imre nagy (prime minister of Hungary) got executed

60
Q

why were there hope for reductions in cold War tensions in 1953

A
  • New leader in the white House (Dwight eisenhower)
  • New leader in the soviet Union (nikia khrushchev)
  • Korean war
  • arms race
  • Geneva summit
61
Q

what was Hungary like under ussr control in 1956

A
  • no democracy
  • no freedom of speech
  • religion was discouraged
  • non communist parties were persecuted
  • secret police force
  • made children learn Russian
  • changed Street names to Russian
  • wages were low
62
Q

what was the point of the secret speech from khrushchev in 1956

A

He used his speech to make unexpected and unprecedented condemnations of the policies and excesses of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, setting off a chain of reaction that led to calls for reform in Eastern Europe and a new policy in the Soviet Union for dealing with the West.

63
Q

what is destalinisation

A

the removal of stalins influence

64
Q

what was the thaw

A

reduction in cold war tensions

65
Q

what was the timeline of the Hungarian uprising

A

23/10/1956: riots in Budapest due to food and fuel shortages
10/1956: Poland was granted rights through street protests - caused fighting in Budapest
10/1956: khrushchev withdrew the red army and soviet troops restored order
10/1956: nagy recognised the government with non communists
01/11/1956: Hungary was withdrawn from Warsaw pack, free elections
1956: Hungary alliance with ussr ended
04/11/1956: 1000 soviet tanks and 200,000 troops invaded Hungary
1956: 20,000 people were killed and ussr reestablished control, 200,000 fled to the west
1956: nagy was caught, arrested, trialed, found guilty, and executed

66
Q

what was life like in East Germany after the hungarain uprising

A
  • less aid from soviet Union
  • low standard of living
  • restrictions on human rights
  • 3 million people fled to west
67
Q

what was life like in west after the hungarain uprising

A
  • received marshal aid
  • democratic
  • Good standard of living
68
Q

what did khrushchev say in his Berlin ultimatum

A
  • Berlin should be demilitarised
  • Western troops demilitarised
  • Berlin should become a free city
69
Q

when was the Berlin ultimatum

A

27 November 1958

70
Q

whhat would happen if the west didn’t agree to the Berlin ultimatum

A

they had 6 months to make the changes or east Germany would own all routes to berlin

71
Q

when was the Vienna conference

A

1961

72
Q

what was the reason for the vienna conference

A

discussed the issues of Berlin and the Southeast Asian country of Laos.

73
Q

when was Khrushchev’s berlin ultimatum

A

november 1958

74
Q

when was the geneva summit

A

may 1959

75
Q

when was the camp david summit

A

september 1959

76
Q

what was the u-2 crisis

A

the shooting down of an american plane which caused a confrontation between the usa and ussr

77
Q

when was the paris summit

A

may 1960

78
Q

what did the u-2 incident lead to

A

the collapse of the paris summit between the us, the ussr, the uk and france

79
Q

when was the vienna summit

A

june 1961

80
Q

what happened at the vienna summit/conference

A

berlin ultimatum renewed

81
Q

when did the contstruction of the berlin wall begin

A

august 1961

82
Q

when did kennedy visit berlin

A

june 1961

82
Q

why did kennedy visit berlin in 1963

A

to challenge Soviet oppression and offer hope to the people of the divided city

83
Q

what was the impact of the berlin wall

A

prevent the West from having further influence on the East, stop the flow of migrants out of the communist sector, and ultimately become the most iconic image of the Cold War in Europe

84
Q

who was peter fechter

A

an 18 year old bricklayer who died on august 17, 1962 after being shot when trying to flee East Germany

85
Q

what was the impact of the berlin wall on civilians (statistics)

A

at least 136 people were killed at the Wall between 1961 and 1989
98 east german fugitaves were killed trying to flee
30 people from the east and the west who had not intended to flee were shot

86
Q

what did kennedy say in his speech (cuban revolution)

A
  • Clay would only return to Berlin if needed
  • he said the communists should come to Berlin
  • democracy is not perfect but better than communism
  • called the Berlin wall an offence against humanity
  • refered to berlin as a defended island of freedom
87
Q

when did castro become leader of cuba

A

january 1959

88
Q

when did the cuban gov nationalise foreign owned land in cuba

A

may 1959

89
Q

when did castro sign an agreement with krushchev

A

february 1960

90
Q

when did the usa break off relations with cuba

A

january 1961

91
Q

when was ‘bay of pigs’ invasion

A

august 1961

92
Q

what was the bay of pigs invasion

A

intended to remove Castro’s government and place a pro-American government in Cuba.

93
Q

what was the outcome of the bay of pigs invasion

A

forced Castro (cuban) closer to the Soviet Union, causing the Cuban Missile Crisis.

94
Q

when did krushchev offer weapons to cuba

A

september 1961

95
Q

when were the soviet missile solos seen by u-2 spy planes

A

14th november 1961

96
Q

when did kennedy announce the blockade

A

22nd of november 1962

97
Q

when did the soviet union agree to remove missiles from cuba

A

28th november 1962

98
Q

when was the test ban treaty

A

august 1963

99
Q

what was the test ban treaty

A

banned all nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in space, or underwater

100
Q

why did khrushchev put nuclear weapons in cuba

A

wanted the usa to feel threat and restore his prestige after the berlin wall

101
Q

what did khrushcev offer on the 26/11/1962

A

removal of cuban missiles if usa agvreed not to invade

102
Q

what was brinkmanship

A

pushing disagreements to the point where war is likely to occur

103
Q

what is non proliferation

A

stopping the spread of something

104
Q

what is mutually assured destruction

A

use of nuclear weapons were pointless as both sides could retaliate

105
Q

what is detente

A

permanent easing of tension between superpowers

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