Cold War

Question 1

Soldiers Returning Home From WWII

Answer 1

Received far more financial aid than soldiers that had returned home from WWI due to Canada’s better financial state after WWII

Question 2

Marshall Plan

Answer 2

Canada was able to give approx 2B

Question 3

Leduc Oil Field

Answer 3

First major oil field in Alberta that made Alberta one of Canada’s economic powerhouses.

Question 4

Trans-Canada Pipeline

Answer 4

Used to transport oil from Alberta to Eastern Canada. Canada was faced with two choices:
1. Build through only Canada (preferred), but this would be costly due to having to give financial aid to the workers.
2. Build through the US, but this would heighten Canadian dependence on the US
The debate over this topic caused massive debate within the House of Commons, but the Liberal government under St Laurent kept shutting down the debate (closure). This resulted in disapproval of the Liberal government, partially leading to them being defeated in the next election.

Question 5

CANDU reactor

Answer 5

A nuclear reactor which was meant to be safe and efficient way to produce electricity, which were exported all around the world.

Question 6

Alouette I

Answer 6

First satellite used for communications within ones own territory, and made Canada the third country to launch a satellite.

Question 7

Suburbs in Canada

Answer 7

People wanted to have a quieter lifestyle, so moved to edges of cities (suburbs). This made commuting by car much more popular.

Question 8

Baby Boomers

Answer 8

Due to the confidence in not having to fear being drafted and the stable economy, many couples decided after WWII was the best time to have children, resulting in a baby boom.

Question 9

Immigration Act of 1952

Answer 9

This gave more powers to the Immigration Minister. At this time, it was still decided that ethnic-based discrimination of reviewing immigration processes was still the standard. However, by the 1950’s, the demand for immigrant workers was so high many immigrants were accepted into Canada.

Question 10

Unemployment Insurance Act

Answer 10

A temporary bi-weekly payment to those who had lost their jobs. Signaled that the Canadian government had begun to see social security as the government’s job (directly as a result of the Great Depression)

Question 11

The Colombo Plan

Answer 11

Sent infrastructural aid to to Commonwealth Countries (eg. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.)

Question 12

La Francophonie

Answer 12

France and Belgium began sending aid to help the development of recently independent French/Belgian colonies. Canada and Switzerland started sending aid as well.

Question 13

ACCT

Answer 13

An organization of La Francophone that allowed greater cooperation between Francophone nations. Canada was a key founder.

Question 14

TV in Canada

Answer 14

CBC bought American shows (eg. Ed Sullivan Show) to Canada and Canadian shows became popular (eg. Hockey Night in Canada, which saw Paul Henderson score the winning goal against the USSR)

Question 15

Era of Protest

Answer 15

Baby boomers were becoming teenagers and decided to stop listening to adults. The authority of institutions (Establishment) was challenged, leading to protests. Some examples include:
- Inequality for ethnic minorities (eg. African-Canadians, Aboriginal peoples)
- Nuclear arms in Canada (the US had offered to give Canada nuclear arms, which was met with mass protests in Canada)
- American interference in Canadian affairs
- Vietnam War (Canada accepted draft dodgers)

Question 16

Women’s Movement

Answer 16

Women improved their rights, but still faced inequality. Two types of feminists:
- Mainstream: Used more quiet forms of protests to gather people to their cause
- Radicals: Believed nothing would change without forceful action.

Question 17

Expo ‘67

Answer 17

Canada’s 100th birthday. Many important figures from around the world came to visit.
Prominently, the French president General de Gulle shouted “Long live French Canada, Long live Quebec!” and his statement was widely condemned by both France and Canada. This statement caused further tension between French and English Canada

Question 18

Louis St. Laurent

Answer 18

Liberal that succeeded Mackenzie King. Oversaw massive economic growth with ambitious projects such as the St Lawrence Seaway, Trans-Canada highway, and Trans-Canada pipeline.

Question 19

St Lawrence Seaway

Answer 19

Connected the Great Lakes with The Atlantic, allowing higher levels of trade between Canada and the rest of the world, and required co-operation between the Americans and the Canadians.

Question 20

Joey Smallwood

Answer 20

Under St Laurent, Newfoundland and Labrador became a province. Smallwood became the first premier.

Question 21

John Diefenbaker

Answer 21

Progressive-Conservative that succeeded St Laurent. He was known as “the Chief” for his powerful speaking abilities. He reflected concerns of increasing American influence in Canada. He raised social welfare programs, and introduced the Bill of Rights (however this was not included in the Constitution).

Question 22

Cuban Missile Crisis (Canada)

Answer 22

Diefenbaker was reluctant to do anything about the crisis, and did not accept nuclear weapons. Canada was also not informed of the blockade of Cuba. Canada’s inaction angered many Americans.

Question 23

Lester B Pearson

Answer 23

Succeeded Diefenbaker. The US viewed him with suspicion due his opposition to US actions such as giving Canada nuclear warheads and the Vietnam War. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution in resulting the Suez Crisis. Introduced Medicare and Pension plans for all Canadians. He appointed the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism to look into French Canadian vs English Canadian benefits. It was found French Canadians did not receive the same benefits, leading to a growing separatist movement in Quebec. He also got rid of the Union Jack on the Canadian flag, and adopted the modern day Canadian flag.

Question 24

Pierre Trudeau

Answer 24

Succeeded Pearson. He was charismatic and a French Canadian. He introduced tax cuts for the poor and elderly. He decided Canadian TV and radio had to broadcast a certain amount of Canadian content. He also introduced tax cuts for Canadian film in order to promote it. He remained in NORAD, but removed some missiles and warheads. He also recognized communist China before the US, leading to some right-wing Americans suspecting him of communist sympathies. Wanted a “just society”, but he never elaborated on this idea.

Question 25

Official Languages Act

Answer 25

Introduced French as an official language of Canada. This was done to help improve French-English Canadian relations.

Question 26

FIRA

Answer 26

Foreign Investment Review Agency. It approved of foreign investments in Canada to protect Canadian industries.

Question 27

Canadian-American Relations

Answer 27

Gray area.
Support:
- Canada joining NORAD and NATO
- UN peacekeeping in Egypt and Lebanon
- 70% of Canadian exports sold to the US

Against:
- Refusing to criticize communism in Cuba and China as much as the US
- Hesitation in Cuban Missile Crisis
- Disapproval of US handling of Vietnam War
- Less contribution to NATO

Question 28

Avro Arrow

Answer 28

RCAF developed one of the best jets in the world, but was costly. For unknown reasons, all these jets and their blueprints were torched. Instead, Canada opted to buy American jets, putting Canadians out of jobs and many engineers opting to join NASA instead.

Question 29

NORAD

Answer 29

Radar stations in the North that were meant to detect Soviet plans and missiles. The stations were mainly run by Inuit who were forcibly displaced.

Question 30

Autopact

Answer 30

Free trade agreement between the US and Canada for cars. This allowed prices for cars to be driven down. However, this agreement made Canada more dependent on the US.

Question 31

Inflation in Canada

Answer 31

Trudeau promised not to implement wage and price controls, but did anyways. This resulted in inflation.

Question 32

OPEC Crisis

Answer 32

Oil prices skyrocketed as well as unemployment. As a result, many professions unionized to demand higher wages, leading to increases debt of both the provincial and federal governments.

Question 33

The National Energy Program

Answer 33

In response to the OPEC Crisis, Trudeau froze Alberta oil prices to below market price to drive prices down. A tariff on oil sold to the US was implemented to make up for the expensive oil imported from OPEC countries. This angered Albertans, as they could not get a fair market price on the oil they sold. This program caused some Canadians to doubt the ability for Canada to stay together.

Question 34

Trudeau Defeat, Re-election, and Retirement

Answer 34

Trudeau was defeated by Conservative Joe Clark. Joe Clark’s budget was defeated by a vote of non-confidence, and Trudeau was elected again. He went forth implementing the Constitution Act (signed by all except Quebec) before retiring.

Question 35

Trade in the 1970’s

Answer 35

Canada strengthened ties with Cuba and the USSR. For example, Canada ignored the US embargo on Cuba. Canada also took in many immigrants from communist countries or countries falling to communism (Czechoslovakia, South Vietnam). Canada also accepted far more Asian immigrants during this time.

Question 36

Discrimination in the 1970’s

Answer 36

Discrimination against women became illegal and women were granted maternity leave. Women also took important roles in government. The Human Rights Commission was also set up to end all discrimination.

Question 37

Citizenship Act of 1976

Answer 37

Allowed children who only had a Canadian mother to automatically received citizenship (previously only if the father was Canadian). The act required citizens to know either English or French.

Question 38

Citizenship Act of 1978

Answer 38

Reduced the barriers of immigration and gave more power to provinces in controlling immigration. This resulted in more cultural diversity.