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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

Truman Doctrine date

A

March 1947

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2
Q

Where were the Big Three conferences?

A

Tehran - November 1943
Yalta - February 1945
Potsdam - July 1945

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3
Q

Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech

A

March 1948

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4
Q

What were the two famous telegraphs called?

A

Kennan Long

Novikov

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5
Q

When was Kennan Long telegram sent and what did it contain?

A

22nd February 1946

It contained:

  • A report that Stalin wanted to see the destruction of capatilsm and that he felt that the world outside the USSR was hostile and looked to destroy communism
  • However, if Stalin was faced with strong resistance he would back down.
  • Played a key part in US policy’s towards the Soviet Union and was the base for the policy of ‘containment’ of the USSR.
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6
Q

When was Novikov telegram sent and what did it contain?

A

27 September 1946

It contained:

  • Shows that the Soviets thought equally poorly of the West.
  • Said that the US wanted to use it’s massive military power to dominate the world.
  • Since Roosevelts death, America no longer wanted to co-operate with the communists and that Amercians will support their government if this led to war.
  • Major impact: if this is how the US thought then it was vital to protect Eastern Europe.
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7
Q

When did the USSR test their first atomic bomb?

A

29 August 1949 - just 4 years after the USA. By 1964, Britain, France and China had atomic bombs.

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8
Q

When and where was Churchill’s famous speech made?

A

Missouri, March 1946.

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9
Q

When was the Marshall Aid plan announced?

A

June 1947

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10
Q

What was Cominform?

A
  • Cominform = The Communist Information Bureau
  • Set up in 1947
  • In the first meeting the members rejected the Marshall Plan.
  • It had 9 members.
  • Gave Stalin a way of directing and controlling the governments of the satelite states.
  • The states were encouraged to concentrate on trading with other Cominform members and contact with non-communists were discouraged.
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11
Q

Cominform date

A

22 September 1947

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12
Q

Comecon date

A

25 January 1949

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13
Q

What was Comecon?

A
  • Comcecon = the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
  • Stalin didn’t want the US to be influential in Eastern Europe and so they wouldn’t accept the Marshal Plan. To counter the US and keep the satelte nations aligned he form Comecon
  • Created to provide aid in line with communist principles.
  • Was direct competition to the Marshall Plan.
  • Trade with the West was discouraged in favour of trade witht the Soviet Union smd other member states.
  • Example: Bulgaria’s trade with other Cominform and Comecon members increased from 10% in the 1930’s to over 90% in 1951.
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14
Q

When was NATO created?

A

April 1949

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15
Q

At Potsdam, what was agreed about Germany?

A

That Germany and Berlin would be split up into 4.

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16
Q

What was the Allied Control Commission (ACC)?

A

It was the central orginisation for the four zones.

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17
Q

When was Bizonia formed and who formed it?

A

1947 between America and Britain.

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18
Q

Who joined Bizonia to form Trizonia and when did it happen?

A

France joined in March 1948.

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19
Q

What was the single currency created in Trizonia and when was it created?

A

Deutschmark

June, 1948

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20
Q

Why did the unification of West Germany anger Stalin?

A
  • The single currency in Trizonia created a separate economic unit from the East.
  • It acknowledged that there were in effect 2 Germany’s: East and West.
  • To Stalin, it was another example of the West ganging up in the Soviet Union.
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21
Q

When did Stalin start the Berlin blockade?

A

June 1948

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22
Q

What was the Berlin Airlift called?

A

Operation Vittles.

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23
Q

How much were the Americans able to fly in a day?

A

At least 1,000 tonnes everyday.

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24
Q

How much in the peak month flown?

A

In the peak month, January 1949, more than 170,000 tonnes of supplies were sent.

25
Q

When did the Soviets give in and lift the blockade?

A

9 May 1949

26
Q

When was the Warsaw Pact created?

A

May 1955

27
Q

When did Stalin die?

A

March 1953

28
Q

When did Eisenhower take office?

A

January 1953

29
Q

When did the Hungarian Uprising start?

A

1956

30
Q

Who succeeded Stalin after his death?

A

Khrushchev 1956

31
Q

After the protests in October in Hungary, who did Khrushchev appoint to replace Rakosi?

A

Imre Nagy

32
Q

When did Nagy announce that Hungary would be leaving the Warsaw Pact?

A

1st November 1956.

33
Q

When did the Soviet army invade Hungary and how much?

A

4th November 1956, 1,000 tanks rolled into Budapest.

34
Q

How many Hungarians were killed?

A

20,000

35
Q

Hungarian Uprising summary

A
  • Khrushchev appoints a new PM - Nagy on October 1956. Nagy beleived that within the communist regime, there should be personal freedoms.
  • Straight after his appointement, Nagy announced a set of reforms. He let other political parties join the government, released political prisoners and persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw Soviet troops.
  • On 1st November Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact. Khrushchev could not allow this.
  • On 4th November 1956, 1,000 tanks rolled into Budapest. Supporters of Nagy put up a fight. They begged the west for support, but no help came.
  • Up to 20,000 Hungarians were killed, and a 200,000 Hungarians leave.
  • A new pro-Ussr government was set up under Janas Kadar.
  • Nagy had sought refuge in the Yuoglsavian Embassy. Kadar promised Nagy that he could have safe passage out of the embassy, but when they left Soviet agents kidnapped them. The Hungarian government announced that Nagy had been tried and executed 2 years later.
36
Q

Impact of the Hungarian Uprisning:

A
  • It refltects badly on the West as it had encouraged communist country’s to rebel, but was not prepared to back it up with actions.
  • Friendly relationships were short lived after the Geneva Summit. The West see the real side of Khrushchev, show that the peaceful co-existance and anti-Stalin is all a lie.
  • Strengthens Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. Members knew they must do what they’re told. If they rebelled they could not expect military support from the USA. Khrushchev also became more confident in dealing with the USA because he knew they were unlikely to risk taking military action.
37
Q

By 1958 how many East Germans had crossed to the West?

A

3 million - over a 1/6 of the overall East German population.

38
Q

What was Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum?

A

Khrushchev demanded that:

  • Berlin should be demilitirised and Western troopd withdrawn.
  • Berlin should become a free city.

The West had 6 months to make these changes or Khrushchev would hand over control of all routes into Berlin to the government of East Germany.

39
Q

When did the Soviets begin to build the Berlin Wall?

A

Night of the 12th August 1961.

40
Q

The Cuban Revolution and its effects

A
  • In January 1959 a group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevera toppled the pro-American government of Cuba. Castro was a nationalist and did not want his countries economy under American control.
  • Eisenhower was worried about the revolution as American businesses had invested heavily in Cuba and much of Cuban land was owned by America.
  • In May 1959, the new Cuban government nationalised all foreign owned land in Cuba.
  • In February 1960, Castro made an agreement with the Soviet Union. Castro had already been appointing communists to his government and now Khrushchev agreed to buy Cuban sugar in return for secretly supplying arms to Cuba.
  • The USA became extremely concerned that a pro-Soviet regime was being established just 145 km from US mainland.
  • In July 1960, Eisenhower reduced the amount of sugar the US would buy from Cuba and in October banned all trade with Cuba.
  • In January 1961 the USA broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba.
41
Q

When did the Bay of Pigs happen?

A

17 April 1961 and 1,400 Cuban exiles landed at the ‘Bay of Pigs’ in Cuba.

42
Q

Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis:

A
  • In June 1963, a direct communications line was set up between Washington and Moscow. This became known as the ‘hotline’.
  • In August 1963, a test ban treaty was signed by the US, USSR and UK. The three countries agreed to prohibit the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere.
  • In 1967, the Outer Space Treaty was signed. The treaty ruled out putting nucleur weapons in orbit.
  • In 1968, the Nucleur Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed to stop the spread of nucleur weapons. Countries that signed up to the treaty agreed not to share their nucleur technology with other countries.
43
Q

When was Khrushchev dismissed?

A

1964

44
Q

When was the Brezhnev Doctrine introduced?

A

26 September 1968

45
Q

SALT I

A
  • May 1972
  • ABM’s were allowed at only 2 sites, ICBM’s + SLBM limits each country on the amount they can have, basic prinicples Agreement.
  • It excercised the restraints in their relations and reduced likelihood of war.
46
Q

Helsinki Accords

A
  • August 1975
  • Borders are in voidable they can’t be altered by force.
  • Both sides wanted things that the other side didn’t like.
  • New approach to international relationships and they’re new approach on the agreement but not the context of it.
47
Q

SALT 2

A
  • June 1979
  • Restrictions on missile launches and strategic bombers.
  • An agreement with Soviets were seen by some American sign of weakness. They stopped trusting each other after the invasion of Afghanistan.
  • Unimportant as it was never ratified, also shows how things can go well if both sides trust each other. TRUE END OF DÉTENTE.
48
Q

Who were the Mujahideen?

A

Muslim anti-communist resistance fighters.

49
Q

When did the Soviets invade Afghanistan?

A

24 December 1979

50
Q

Consequences of the invasion of Afghanistan:

A
  • End of detente
  • War lasts for 10 years
  • US supply the mujahideen woth money and weapons.
  • 1.5 million civilian deaths
  • War cost USSR $8 billion per year
  • SALT 2 abandoned
  • Amin’s assassination
  • Economic sanctions imposed on Soviet Union by USA
  • Reagan wins the 1980 elections
  • Carter Doctrine announced
  • US boycott of the Moscow Olympics
  • Soviet boycott of the Los Angeles Olympics
51
Q

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

A

The USA would not only support anti-Communist governments but also anti-Communist groups who tried to overthrow Communist governments. In line with this doctrine support was given to insurgent groups in central American countries including El Salvador and Nicaragua.

52
Q

When did Gorbachev become leader?

A

1985

53
Q

What does SDI stand for?

A

Strategic Defense Initiative

54
Q

When was the SDI policy introduced?

A

1983

55
Q

The end of the Soviet Union summits and dates:

A 
Geneva Summit 1985
Reykjavik Summit 1986
Washington 1987
Moscow Summit 1988
Malta Summit 1989
56
Q

When was the Berlin Wall destructed?

A

9 November 1989

57
Q

When did Gorbachev resign?

A

25 December 1991

58
Q

The four summits between US and USSR leaders:

A

1959 - Geneva (Switzerland), Camp David (US) - Both between Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1960 - Paris - between Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1961 - Vienna (Austria) - between Kennedy and Khrushchev

59
Q

Consequence of the Vienna summit (1961)

A

$2 billion increase by Kennedy on military spending

History (4 decks)

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