Cold Environments Flashcards

0
Q

Define basal sliding

A

Large scale and often quite sudden movement of a portion of ice in a glacier usually lubricated by sub-glacial meltwater

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1
Q

Define aretes

A

Steep-sided knife-edge mountain ridge often marking the edges of a corrie or the watershed between two valleys (troughs)

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2
Q

Define cold-based glacier

A

Glacier where the base temperature is too low to enable liquid water to be present and where the glacier will probably be frozen to the ground

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3
Q

Define compressional flow

A

Piling up or thickening of ice due to a decrease in the long profile valley floor gradient

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4
Q

Define a corrie

A

Enlarged armchair shaped hollows on a mountainside characterised by a steep back wall and a hollowed out bowl, occasionally containing a tarn

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5
Q

Define a drumlins

A

Egg shaped depositional features often in groups (swarms) resulting from the moulding of sub-glacial moraine by moving ice moving over the top

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6
Q

Define an esker

A

Sinuous ridges found on the floor of a glacial trough formed by fluvioglacial deposition in a meandering sub glacial river

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7
Q

Define extensional flow

A

Stretching or thinning of ice in response to an increase in gradient

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8
Q

Define fragile environments

A

Natural environments where processes operate slowly and where ecosystems can be easily harmed and take a long time to recover

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9
Q

Define froze heave

A

Small-scale upwards displacement of soil particles resulting from the freezing and expansion of water just below the ground surface

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10
Q

Define frost shattering

A

Also known as freeze that a physical weathering process involving alternating freezing and thawing of water in joints and pores within rocks

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11
Q

Define glacial surge

A

Relatively rapid but unusually short term movement of a glacier

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12
Q

Define glacial system

A

Inter-relationships between components in a glacial environment often sub divided into inputs processes and outputs

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13
Q

Define hanging valley

A

Tributary glacial trough perched up on the side of a main glacial trough and often marked by a waterfall

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14
Q

Define ice wedge

A

V shaped ice filler feature formed by the enlargement of surface cracks by frost action. In time the cracks will become in filled with sediment

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15
Q

Define internal deformation

A

Small scale inter and intra granular movement or deformation of ice crystals in response to gravity and mass

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16
Q

Define kames

A

Mounds or hillocks found on the floor of a glacial trough formed by fluvioglacial deposition, e.g. Kame terraces formed by deposition of a marginal lake

17
Q

Define meltwater channels

A

Often narrow and steep sided valleys formed by torrents of meltwater at the end of a glacial period

18
Q

Define moraines

A

Glacial deposits comprising largely angular and unsorted debris transported on (supra glacial) and in (englacial) or under (sub glacial) the ice. Many types of moraine can be identified such as lateral, medial and terminal

19
Q

Define nivation hollows

A

Shallow hillside hollow resulting from a concentration of snow related processes such as frost shattering and slumping

20
Q

Define nivation

A

Snow related processes, such as weathering and mass movement that operate collectively to form shallow hollows in the landscape

21
Q

Define out wash plain

A

Often vast areas of well sorted and rounded sand and gravel deposits extending for some distance I. front of the glacier carried by meltwater

22
Q

Define patterned ground

A

Concentration of large stones on the ground surface usually associated with polygonal patterns of ice wedges often forming stripes on slops due to gravity

23
Q

Define periglacial

A

Environments experiencing long cold winters and short war. Summers typically with frozen ground but not covered by ice

24
Define permafrost
Permanently frozen soil and rock a key characteristic of periglacial environments
25
Define pingos
Ice cored mounds found in periglacial environments formed by freezing of sub surface water bodies and subsequent swelling of the ground surface
26
Define pyramidal peaks
Remnant of intense glacial erosion taking the form of a very steep sided isolated peak
27
Define rotational flow
Concave flow typically experienced In a corrie and responsible for increased erosion (over deepening)
28
Define solifluction lobes
Extended lobes of saturated soil formed by solifluction on a hillside
29
Define solifluction
Gradual downhill slumping of saturated soil and rock usually in summer when the upper surface zone melts and becomes heavy and waterlogged
30
Define truncated spurs
Former interlocking spurs that have been eroded by a glacier to form a steep valley side
31
Define warm based glacier
Glacier where the base temperature is high enough to enable meltwater to exist and therefore basal sliding to occur
32
Name 3 pressures on Antarctica
Falling numbers of krill General over fishing Increasing levels of tourism
33
What is the Antarctica treaty
International agreement 1959 Seven countries have made territorial claims to segments of Antarctica Unprecedented agreement to preserve the continent Tourism is controlled
34
What makes Antarctica special
``` Remotest continent on earth Coldest windiest least populated Second smallest Distinctive features Driest place on earth Home to penguins seals and algae ```
35
Beginning and end location of trans-Alaskan oil pipeline 1974
Prudhoe bay oil field - southern tanker port of Valdez
36
Name already negative impacts on the Antarctica
Interference with migration of caribou Interference with hunting Threatening fragile marine ecosystems and fisheries through oil spills 35% traditional land grazing affected In 2050 78% coastal ranges maybe unavailingly for use
37
Other human developments in the article is...
Mining hydroelectric power Bombing ranges
38
What are the recent developments in the tundra?
New roads have been constructed Pipeline laid Settlements established
39
What is the back ground of indigenous people
Estimated 1.3million indigenous people Live in Article and tundra environments Lived sustainable, largely subsistence way of life for thousands of years Depend on hunting gathering and herding for survival