Cold

Question 1

Katabatic winds

Answer 1

cold mountain winds- the dense air flows down from the mountains to the lowland, chilling the ground as it passes over

Question 2

insolation

Answer 2

incoming solar radiation, that is, heat received from the sun

Question 3

orographic rainfall

Answer 3

rain that is produced as air is forced to rise over high ground such as a mountain barrier, it subsequently cools, condensation occurs and precipitation is produced

Question 4

striations

Answer 4

scratch marks on a rock caused by abrasion

Question 5

chatter marks

Answer 5

discontinuous scratch marks on a rock caused by abrasion

Question 6

roche montonnee

Answer 6

rock that has been plucked and made smooth by glaciers. upstream side = smooth due to abrasion. downstream slope = steeper and rougher due to plucking

Question 7

divergent flow

Answer 7

ice flow which is around an object rather than over it

Question 8

carbonation

Answer 8

weathering in which calcium carbonate reacts with an acid water to form calcium bicarbonate which is soluble and removed in solution

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

chemical weathering process where water reacts with minerals such as feldspars to produce clay minerals

Question 10

Till

Answer 10

sediment deposited by glaciers- unsorted deposits with a range of size. also called boulder clay

Question 11

neve

Answer 11

transitional stage between snow and ice. has survived at least one summers melting, and has been compressed by following winters snowfall

Question 12

extrusion flow

Answer 12

the movement of ice as a result of becoming too deep/heavy and therefore unstable. it ‘collapses’ and begins to flow outwards as a result of its own weight and pressure

Question 13

bergschrund

Answer 13

a large crack or crevasse

Question 14

randkluft

Answer 14

a gap between the rock face and ice in the hollow, caused when heat from the rock melts the ice

Question 15

pressure release

Answer 15

weathering in which a rock is able to expand outwards as a result of the ‘unloading’ of pressure and as a result, cracks appear in the rock

Question 16

spur

Answer 16

a projection of land from a ridge or mountain. interlocking spurs in upper valley. truncated spurs are those which have been eroded in their lower parts by glaciers

Question 17

ribbon lake

Answer 17

long, linear lakes which fill a glaciated trough. e.g. lake windermere

Question 18

hanging valley

Answer 18

a small U shaped valley formed by a small glacier that joins and hangs above a large U shaped valley formed by a larger glacier

Question 19

scree

Answer 19

angular sediment that collects at the foot of a mountain range or cliff. usually broken off by freeze thaw weathering

Question 20

moraine

Answer 20

glacial deposits consisting of poorly sorted, often angular, loose rock fragments

Question 21

col/spillway

Answer 21

a low point in a ridge or high ground, often formed as a result of back-to-back cirques. some may be formed by the movement of glacier ice from one valley into another

Question 22

unstratified material

Answer 22

glacially deposited material which is unsorted, variable i size and has no distinct layers

Question 23

ablation

Answer 23

the removal of material from a glacier such as by melting, evaporation, sublimation

Question 24

moulins

Answer 24

circular sink hole or portals into glaciers. may be caused by meltwater entering a crevasse

Question 25

varved clays

Answer 25

a distinctive banded layer of silt and and deposited in lakes near the margins of ice sheets

Question 26

springmelt

Answer 26

flooding that occurs in spring as a result of melting winter snow

Question 27

perennials

Answer 27

plants living for several years

Question 28

net primary productivity

Answer 28

the rate of production of biomass that is available for consumption by herbivores

Question 29

podzol

Answer 29

light coloured soil found under coniferous forests and on moorlands in cool regions where rainfall exceeds evaporation.