Cold

Question 1

What is the heat daily variation?

Answer 1

36-38 degrees

Question 2

How is heat gained?

Answer 2

BMR
Muscular activity
Hormones
Thermic effect of food
Postural changes
Environment

Question 3

How is heat lost?

Answer 3

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

Question 4

38 core temperature

Answer 4

Exercise tolerance limit for some

Question 5

39 core temperature

Answer 5

Tolerance limit for moderately trained

Question 6

40 core temperature

Answer 6

Tolerance limit for many athletes (increase cell permeabilities and heat stroke)

Question 7

42 core temperature

Answer 7

Some elite athletes have thermo tolerance to this level

Question 8

1st stage of water immersion

Answer 8

Initial immersion (0-3minutes) - cold shock

Question 9

2nd stage of water immersion

Answer 9

Short-term immersion (3-15minutes) - muscle fatigue

Question 10

3rd stage of water immersion

Answer 10

Long-term immersion (>30minutes) - hypothermia

Question 11

4th stage of water immersion

Answer 11

Post immersion (after drop - core temperature falls even lower)

Question 12

After drop

Answer 12

Collapse of blood pressure and cold blood from the peripheral returning to the core when the victim is pulled from the cold

Question 13

How many deaths occur drop after drop

Answer 13

20%

Question 14

The rate of body core cooling depends on

Answer 14

Water temperature and sea state
Clothing
Body morphology
Amount of body immersed in water
Behaviour and posture
Shivering thermogenesis

Question 15

Initial cooling hypothermia temperatures

Answer 15

> 35

Question 16

Mild hypothermia temperatures

Answer 16

35-32

Question 17

Moderate hypothermia

Answer 17

32-28

Question 18

Severe hypothermia

Answer 18

<28

Question 19

Primary accidental hypothermia

Answer 19

Results from direct exposure to the cold

Question 20

Secondary hypothermia

Answer 20

Complication of systemic disorders (sepsis, cancer, hypoglycemia, trauma)

Question 21

Central impaired thermoregulation

Answer 21

Trauma or lesions

Question 22

Peripheral impaired thermoregulation

Answer 22

Acute spinal cord transection

Question 23

Metabolic impaired thermoregulation

Answer 23

Hypo-glycemia, sepsis, pancreatitis

Question 24

Medications impaired thermoregulation

Answer 24

Interferes with the regular sensory motor communication

Question 25

Factors effecting decreased heat production

Answer 25

Age extremes
Inadequate stored fuel
Endocrine or neuromuscular

Question 26

Factors effecting increased heat loss

Answer 26

Exposure
Skin (burns)
Impaired thermoregulation
Cold water submersion

Question 27

Rewarming for mild hypothermia

Answer 27

Remove wet clothing, move into warm and dry environment
Avoid hard exercises
External warming, may help as long as it does not slow shivering thermogenesis
Warm, sweet, non-alcoholic drinks

Question 28

Active rewarming for moderate to severe hypothermia

Answer 28

Heated IV fluids
Padded warm packs to major pressure point areas
Heated/humidified inhalation
Peritoneal lavage
Extracorporeal rewarming

Question 29

Most common freezing injury

Answer 29

Frostbite

Question 30

When does frostbite occur

Answer 30

<32 farenheit

Question 31

What does frostbite do

Answer 31

Ice crystal formation damages cells
Stasis progressing to microvascular thrombosis

Question 32

Factors effecting frostbite

Answer 32

Contact with thermal conductors
Wind-chill quickly freezes
Immobility, constrictive clothing
Atherosclerosis, nicotine, alcohol (inability to vasoconstrict)

Question 33

What happens once you lose digits to frostbite

Answer 33

Major nerve damage and reoccurring frostbite happens often

Question 34

Cold acclimatization

Answer 34

Physiological adjustments in response to chronic cold stress

Question 35

Cold adaptation

Answer 35

Genetics manifestation as a result of natural selection

Question 36

Cold-induced vasodilation “hunting response”

Answer 36

Vasodilation of cold-exposed blood vessels (small arteries)

Question 37

Explorers finger temperature

Answer 37

Have less of a response to cold-water hand immersion, and show less vasoconstriction when exposed to ice water, with smaller drops over time

Question 38

Psyhiological demands of Antarctica

Answer 38

Life and death temperatures
Energy expenditure and intake
Water
Vitamin c
Sleep
Polar plateau