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Immuno E2 > ColbyJack > Flashcards

ColbyJack Flashcards

1
Q

In order for T helper and CTLs to function they must

be activated. T/F?

A

True

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2
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex protein is presents antigen to activate T helper cells?

A

MHC II

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3
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex protein is presents antigen to activate killer T cells?

A

MHC I

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4
Q

What type of cells are associated with MHC I?

A

CD8 (killer cells)

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5
Q

What type of cells are associated with MHC II?

A

CD4 (helper cells)

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6
Q

Infected antigen presenting cells displaying viral protein on MHC I function to activate primarily what type of cells?

A

CTLs (killers)

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7
Q

What is the general function of CD3?

A

it is a signaling protein to the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the function of CD3 in a T cell receptor?

A

intracellular signaling

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9
Q

Traditional T cells express what receptors?

A

αβ = alpha beta (95%)

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10
Q

Non-traditional T cells express what receptors?

A

γδ = gamma delta (5%)

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11
Q

What T cell co-receptor is associated with CTLs and functions to strengthen attachment of the TCR to MHC?

A

CD8

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12
Q

Immature T (double +) cells in the thymus only express CD3. T/F?

A

False; Immature T cells only express CD4 and CD8 cells

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13
Q

Double + cells make up what percentage of immature T cells?

A

80%

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14
Q

What allows experienced T cells to reactivate without co stimulation?

A

maintenance of lipid(cholesterol) rafts

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15
Q

Th2 bias is normally geared for what type of ‘attack’?

A

Parasitic attack in GI tract

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16
Q

Th1 is more prevalent for what type of conditions?

A

viral or bacterial tract

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17
Q

Th2 is more prevalent for what type of conditions?

A

asthma and allergies

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18
Q

Th17 is more prevalent for what type of conditions?

A

fungal attack and some extracellular bacteria

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19
Q

Besides a Fas ligand on its cell surface, how else can a CTL kill its target?

A

Perforin/granzyme B

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20
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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21
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue - ex.-> Peyers Patches)

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22
Q

What phrase best describes a primary lymphoid follicle?

A

“an island of follicular dendritic cells in a sea of B cells”

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23
Q

Follicular dendritic cells have receptors that bind what 2 things?

A

FDCs have receptors that bind to:

  • Fc region of antibodies
  • complement proteins
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24
Q

What is characteristic of the antigen that follicular dendritic cells catch and display to B cells?

A

it’s opsonized

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25
Q

In a lymph node, proliferating B cells are associated with what region by doing what?

A

assc. with GERMINAL CENTERS by pushing aside other B cells and creating a dark zone

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26
Q

Lymphocytes leave the blood and enter the lymph node via what structure?

A

High Endothelial Venules (HEV)

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27
Q

All secondary lymphoid organs have afferent lymph vessels. T/F?

A

False

28
Q

ALL secondary lymphoid organs have what?

A

lymphoid follicles

29
Q

What area in a lymph node is lined with macrophages?

A

Marginal sinus/sub-capsular sinus

30
Q

What area in a lymph node is the ‘B cell area’?

A

Cortex

31
Q

What area in a lymph node is the ‘T cell area’?

A

Paracortex

32
Q

The total flow to the spleen per minute consists of 3⁄4 blood flow and 1⁄4 lymph flow. T/F?

A

False; no lymph enters the spleen, only leaving

33
Q

M cells in Peyer’s patches function to uptake antigen from the GI tract. T/F?

A

True

34
Q

Experienced T cell trafficking which restricts them from certain areas depends on what factor?

A

Expression of certain adhesion molecules

35
Q

What interleukin from inducible regulator T cells (iTreg) binds to receptors on T cells and blocks co- stimulatory signals normally mediated by CD28?

A

IL-10

36
Q

Why do “mothers kiss their babies”?

A

IgA antibodies in breast milk specific for babies

pathogens

37
Q

What receptor produced by experienced (old) T cells when bound with B7 makes it harder for these T cells to reactivate?

A

CTLA-4

38
Q

Early in an infection, B7 binds to ____ and acts as a co- stimulator signal.

A

CD28

39
Q

How long is the lifespan of most immune cells? Memory cells?

A

immune cells - a few days to a few weeks

memory cells - relatively long lifespan

40
Q

When B7 binds to CD 28, it sends what type of signal?

A

a activation signal

41
Q

When B7 binds to CTLA-4, it sends what type of signal?

A

a deactivation signal

42
Q

Does B7 or CD28 have a greater affinity for CTLA-4?

A

B7

43
Q

What is the negative test maturing T cells must pass in the thymus?

A

Must not recognize self peptides

44
Q

What kind of tests are done in the thymus?

A

positive test- in the cortex

negative test- in the medulla

45
Q

A ‘positive test’ is associate with what?

A

double positive

46
Q

A ‘negative test’ is associated with what?

A

single positive

47
Q

What thymic cells are associated with positive selection test of T cells?

A

Cortical thymic epithelial cells

48
Q

What thymic cells are associated with negative selection test of T cells?

A
  • Thymic dendritic cells

- Medullary thymic epithelial cells

49
Q

What percentage of maturing T cells pass both selection tests in the thymus and migrate to lymph nodes?

A

5% (1/30)

50
Q

If aberrant T cell escapes deletion in the thymus, what is a common fate of that cell?

A

Activation induced cell death

51
Q

If aberrant T cell escapes deletion in the thymus, what is a rare fate of that cell?

A

Causes autoimmune disease

52
Q

Which immune cell memory is changeable, depends on what the individual is exposed to and no two people are identical with respect to this type of memory?

A

Adaptive

53
Q

Which immune cell memory is static (does not update) and all humans have essentially the same amount, hardwired from birth?

A

Innate

54
Q

What cell replaces long-lived plasma cells that die from old age?

A

Central memory B cells

55
Q

What cell travels to bone marrow/spleen and produces LOTS of antibodies?

A

Short-lived plasma cells

56
Q

What cells travel to/takes up residence in the bone marrow, produce modest amounts of antibodies, and provide life-long antibody protection?

A

Long-lived plasma cells

57
Q

During subsequent attacks, central memory T cells are slow to activate, which protects the body from an abnormally robust response, and helps protect against autoimmune disease. T/F?

A

False (central memory T cells are FAST to activate)

58
Q

During a subsequent attack, how do the symptoms compare to the initial attack?

A

Lesser than initial attack (due to quick response)

59
Q

What process can fine tune memory cell’s BCR increasing affinity to its cognant antigen?

A

Somatic hypermutation

60
Q

No two people have the same innate memory. T/F?

A

False (everyone has the same hardwired innate memory…no two people would have the same ADAPTIVE memory)

61
Q

Both memory B and T cells are easier to activate in subsequent attacks. T/F?

A

True

62
Q

Which memory cells are inactive?

A

Memory T cells

63
Q

During the course of an attack, B cells can change the class of antibodies they produce? T/F?

A

True, especially with T cell help (class switching)

64
Q

Innate memory is primarily based on what?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

65
Q

People who are prone to allergies and asthma typically have what type of Th bias?

A

Th2

Immuno E2 (1 decks)

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