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1 - P.E - Sport Psychology❌ > ❌Cohesion > Flashcards

❌Cohesion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals, the forces that keep the group members on task.

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2
Q

What is co-action?

A

When others do the task at the same time but separately

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3
Q

What is interaction?

A

When a group works together to produce results.

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4
Q

How does cohesion vary in sport?

A

In some sports, the cohesion involves every team member working hard at the same thing - co-action.

In other sports, each players may have a different role and this role must be integrated with the roles of other team members - interaction.

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5
Q

What is an example of co-action cohesion?

A

Rowing - all the crew must pull together.

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6
Q

What is an example of interaction cohesion?

A

Netball

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7
Q

What did Carron do?

A

Summarised the influences on the team members that will help them to work together.
Stipulated that there were 4 main influences on the team - Carron’s antecedents

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8
Q

What is the definition of Carron’s antecedents?

A

The factors that might influence cohesion.

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9
Q

What are Carron’s antecedents?

A

Environmental factors
Personal factors
Leadership factors
Team factors

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10
Q

What are environmental factors?

A

The SIZE of the group and the TIME available.
The longer the group are together, the more time they will have to learn each other’s roles.
The size and structure of the group can effect cohesion because the larger the group, the better the chance of more productivity.

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11
Q

What’s the problem with larger groups?

A

There is more chance of social loafing and the Ringlemann effect developing.
Motivation may be reduced
A mix age and gender may reduce cohesion and the desire to reach common goals.
Sub-division can form

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12
Q

What are personal factors?

A

This refers to the SIMILARITY of group member in terms of their aspiration, their opinions and values, whether they are happy with the ROLE they play in the team and how FIT they are.

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13
Q

What are leadership factors?

A

The leadership STYLE chosen by the coach or captain is important here, as is how the RELATIONSHIP with captain or coach with the others in the team.

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14
Q

What are team factors?

A

Team success is important here and the more success is achieved and the more each team member wants to be successful, the higher cohesion will be.
The longer the team has been together, the more chance of cohesion.

Desire for success 
Team stability/status 
Team ability 
Group productivity 
Shared experience
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15
Q

Explain Carron’s antecedents

A

The factors go to…
Task cohesion and social cohesion, which leads to…
Group outcomes and individual outcomes.

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16
Q

What are the two types of cohesion?

A

Task cohesion

Social cohesion

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17
Q

What is task cohesion?

A

Individuals working together to achieve an end result

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18
Q

What is social cohesion?

A

Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group. \

Through trust, support and socialisation/friendship

19
Q

What type of cohesion is better for the team?

A

A mixture - task and social

20
Q

What are the advantages of social cohesion?

A

To be interactive and will help communication and team spirit.

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of social cohesion?

A

It might produce sub-groups, that mean some members will not co-operate or they may not contribute.

It may be that they don’t see each other outside of team activities.

22
Q

What are the advantages of task cohesion?

A

Can over-ride the problems of social cohesion
The performance and results of the team may still be good, even if players don’t socialise, but without task cohesion results would be poor.

Players may not get on socially but do when playing - same desire for success/goals.
Provides motivation in the sense that all members of the team will work hard to win the cup

23
Q

What did Steiner propose?

A

That the results of group effects could be based on an equation that sums up the influences of cohesion.

24
Q

What is the Steiner model?

A

Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

25
Q

What’s the thinking behind the equation?

A

Is that it’s not always the case that having the best players, produces the best results - those players have to be moulded by the coach into a cohesive unit and maintain levels of motivation.

26
Q

What is actual productivity?

A

The outcome of group performance - win, loss, draw

27
Q

What is potential productivity?

A

The best performance based on player ability and group resources.

28
Q

What is a team?

A

A group that has interaction, shared goals, an identity and communication.

29
Q

What is group potential affected by?

A

The skill level and ability of players, compared to the opponents and how difficult the task ahead may be.

30
Q

What are faulty processes

A

The things that go wrong to reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached.

31
Q

What are the two types of fault processes?

A

Co-ordination problems

Motivational problems

32
Q

When do co-ordination problems occur?

A

When players in the team fail to listen to the coach’s institutions or employ the incorrect tactics.

33
Q

What are types of co-ordination problems?

A

Not listening to coach’s instructions
Employ the wrong tactics
Fail to communicate with each other
Misunderstand their role in the team

35
Q

What’s an example of failing to communicate?

A

Two defenders in a rugby game go to tackle the same player, leaving another attacker free to receive a pass becuase they didn’t tell each other which player to defend against.

36
Q

What’s an example of misunderstanding their role?

A

A player assigned to a ‘sweeper’ role behind the defence in the hockey team keeps venturing too far up field, leaving gaps in the defence.

37
Q

What are motivational problems and how do they affect the team?

A

Can affect the team when players suffer from too much or too little arousal they lose the drive to win, with a resultant reduction in effort and concentration.
Social loafing

38
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised.

39
Q

What do social loafers often do?

A

Coast through the game and even hide behind other team members who they think might cover for them.
They tend to take easy options in the game and make a limited contribution to the team cause.

40
Q

What are the causes of social loafing?

A

A lack of confidence in ability
Develop a negative attitude with position/role, etc.
Poor leadership
No incentives/reinforcement
Don’t understand the role or accept it
Lack fitness and not be able to maintain their role
Goals set may be to general and lack meaning
Goal of just winning isn’t enough - need to know their contribution
Sub-groups
Efforts not recognised

41
Q

What is the Ringlemann effect?

A

When group performance decreases with group size.

42
Q

What did a study find? (Ringlemann effect)

A

A study of tug of war found that individual effort within the group reduced with increasing group size.
Individuals tried hard on the rope pull when their efforts were highlighted but tended to reduce their effort in a team of 8

43
Q

How can we avoid social loafing and promote cohesion?

A

Set individual goals which are more challenging
Involve players in goal setting (realistic and not just on result)
Give specific roles
Make tactics clear
Promote motivation and rewards
Establish group identity
Uses statistics to highlight individual performance
Use team meetings to resolve conflict
Open communication channels
In training practice smaller sided games and vary practice
Coach should make sure conditioning is up to standard so players stay fit

44
Q

What’s an example of using the wrong tactics?

A

The players may have been told to be patient in their approach to attacking situations during a hockey game and pass the ball around before looking for an opportunity.
Instead, they go for more risky long passes which frequently get intercepted.

1 - P.E - Sport Psychology❌ (10 decks)

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