COGS101 Test 1

Question 1

What is the Putaiao framework?

Answer 1

An explanation of the natural world from a Maori worldview that is scientific and informs science.

Question 2

What two problems about consciousness did David Chalmers draw a distinction between?

Answer 2

Easy problems and hard problems

Question 3

What does Putaiao primarily represent in Kaupapa science?

Answer 3

The incorporation of Maori knowledge into scientific research

Question 4

How does the methodology in Putaiao differ from the Western scientific method?

Answer 4

It emphasises indigenous leadership and decolonising agendas

Question 5

In McCoy and Ullman’s Minimal Turing Test, the words they chose to convince the judge they were human were…

Answer 5

highly diverse but many of them fell into several clear categories

Question 6

As a result of damage to the hippocampus, some people lose the ability to form new
memories. Although they will not remember a new doctor who has visited them
every day for a week, over time they will start to be friendlier when they see them.
This phenomenon illustrates the difference between

Answer 6

conscious and unconscious processes

Question 7

What is the PNS? and what is the CNS?

Answer 7

The PNS is the peripheral nervous system which includes the nerves and the CNS is the central nervous system which includes the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 8

Whta is the Putaiao framework?

Answer 8

It is a scientific exploration of the natural world from the the ao Maori tirohanga

Question 9

What two problems about consciousness did David Chalmers draw a distinction about?

Answer 9

Easy problems and hard problems

Question 10

What does Putaiao primarily represent in Kaupapa science?

Answer 10

The integration of Maori knowledge into scientific research

Question 11

How does the methodology in Putaio differ from the Western scientific method?

Answer 11

It emphasises indigenous leadership and decolonising agendas

Question 12

What were the words like that participants chose in McCoy and Ullman’s Minimal Turing Test?

Answer 12

highly diverse but many of them fell into several clear categories

Question 13

The Grey, Grey and Wegners 2007 study revealed that peoples perception of the mind consists of contributions from two dimensions. What are these?

Answer 13

Experience and agency

Question 14

What did The Minimal Turing Test reveal

Answer 14

The beliefs people have about different minds

Question 15

What do computers and the brain have in common?

Answer 15

The computers CPU can be compared to the brains PFC - decision making and problem solving.
The hipppocampus of the brain can be compared to the hard drive of a computer - memory formation, data storage.
The amygdala in the brain has no direct counterpart in the computer as its purpose is integral for emotional responses - which illustrates the complexity of the brain - human emotions.

Question 16

Why is the thalamus located in the medical section of the brain?

Answer 16

It is located in the middle of the brain acting as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Its medial location is essential for its accessibility to process and direct information across the brain.

Question 17

What does the Old Friends Hypothesis propose.

Answer 17

That the lack of exposure to certain microorganisms in modern, hygienic environments may contribute to various health issues.

Question 18

how do alleles influence an organisms traits?

Answer 18

interaction between different alleles can result in multiple genotypes producing similar phenotypes, underscoring the complexity of genetic expression beyond simple dominant-recessive patterns

Question 19

why do most synapses in our brain rely on chemical rather than electrical transmission. what is the advantage of this?

Answer 19

to allow for a more flexible and nuanced response by modulating the strength and duration of the signal

Question 20

which two neurotransmitters are most likely to be stimulated by alcohol intake?

Answer 20

Dopamine and GABA

Question 21

when is a Childs brain developing the fastest?

Answer 21

start of pregnancy to 2 years

Question 22

when does consciousness first emerge in development?

Answer 22

no earlier than the prenatal period

Question 23

what do children need to understand before they can be said to hold a simple belief-desire psychology?

Answer 23

that peoples actions are driven by their internal mental states, specifically their beliefs and desires. they also need to understand that people can have different beliefs and desires

Question 24

which rodent is more suitable for a study focused on complex social interactions

Answer 24

rats, because of their more nuanced social behaviours and lower stress response to handling

Question 25

what is NOT a reported outcome of mindfulness meditation training?

Answer 25

enhanced functional connectivity in non-attention-related brain regions, such as those primarily involved in sensory processing

Question 26

what is the principle of a hebbian synapse?

Answer 26

when two neurons are active simultaneously, the synaptic connection between them strengthens, facilitating synchronised activity and learning

Question 27

how does the gut microbiome influence the risk of developing depression?

Answer 27

by affecting the production and regulation of neurotransmitters, modulating the immune system responses, influencing the stress response and impacting brain development and function

Question 28

what best explains why brain size can be influenced by the complexity of social interactions

Answer 28

social complexity requires larger brains to process and store more information

Question 29

what does a child think a rock that looks like a rock but is a sponge is

Answer 29

looks like a sponge and is really a sponge

Question 30

what is the main difference between symbolic AI and connectionist neural networks?

Answer 30

symbolic AI must be programmed to capture existing knowledge and is often expressed in the form of rules.
connectionist AI consists of networks of interconnected nodes that learn patterns by adjusting weights in its connections based on the match between inputs and outputs.
connectionist is more similar to how our brains work than symbolic AI

Question 31

What measure of cognitive performance did Ebbinghaus use in his memory studies

Answer 31

savings

Question 32

Experience that results from sensory stimulation and can help guide our actions is called…

Answer 32

perception

Question 33

The physical stimulus that leads to our perceptual experience of sound is…

Answer 33

the condensation and rarefaction of air molecules

Question 34

What are the three layers of the brain?

Answer 34

The survival system (brain stem and cerebellum), limbic system and neo-cortex

Question 35

Modern models of the mind include cognitive processes like attention, memory,
language, emotion, and decision-making that allow us to achieve goals. This
approach has its roots in:

Answer 35

functionalism

Question 36

People often mis-hear the lyrics in songs. This demonstrates the importance of
_________ for cognition.

Answer 36

conceptually driven processing

Question 37

What do neuron’s and glia do in the brain?

Answer 37

Neuron’s - cells that generate and transmit neural signals
Glia - cells that support neural functioning

Question 38

What are the common features of neurons and what do these features do?

Answer 38

All neurons have a cell body (soma) that contains the nucleus
Most neurons also have dendrites and an axon. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons at junctions called synapses. The axon transmits signals to other neurons and other cells. The axon hillock is the primary form of electrical signalling in the nervous system.

Question 39

what are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 39

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
in that order clockwise
with the cerebellum below

Question 40

What delineates the boundaries between the lobes?

Answer 40

Sulci

Question 41

What are the three major sulcus and what lobes do they border?

Answer 41

Central sulcus - frontal and parietal lobes
lateral fissure - frontal/parietal and temporal
parieto - occipital

Question 42

cortex is highly folded, what does this produce?

Answer 42

gyri (ridges) and sulci (furrows)

Question 43

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 43

fear processing