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Cogs 101A > Cogs 101a- Lectures 13-16 2 > Flashcards

Cogs 101a- Lectures 13-16 2 Flashcards

1
Q

** What are the three components to the somatosensory system?

A

Proprioception, Kinesthesis, Cutaneous senses

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2
Q

** What is proprioception?

A

It is the ability to sense the POSITION of the body and the limbs. (is our perception of our bodies caused by feedback from the skin, muscles and joints.)

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3
Q

** What is kinesthesis?

A

It is the ability to sense MOVEMENT in the body and limbs.(tracking of our body as it is in motion)

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4
Q

**What is cutaneous senses?

A

It is the perception of touch and pain from stimulation of the skin.

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5
Q

Who is Ian Waterman and what is unique about him?

A
  • No sensory input from the PROPRIOCEPTORS in his muscles and joints.
  • No information from the MECHANORECEPTORS in his skin that would respond to physical objects in his environment.
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7
Q

How did Ian Waterman cope with his condition?

A

able to compensate by using his VISUAL INFORMATION to update his brain on his body’s positon. – This shows underlying multimodal nature or proprioception

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8
Q

What is proprioceptors?

A

When information is sent to the spinal cord and brain from the golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles.

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9
Q

What are the 4 mechanoreceptors listed in lecture?

A

Merkel receptors, meissner corpuscles, ruffini cylinders and pacinian corpuscles

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10
Q

What does the Merkle receptor in charge of?

A

Fine detail

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11
Q

What does the meissner corpuscles in charge of?

A

Handgrip

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12
Q

What is the ruffini cylinders in charge of?

A

stretching

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13
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscles in charge of?

A

rapid vibration, fine texture.

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14
Q

What are the two types of mechanoreceptors located CLOSE to the surface of the skin? What do they have in common?

A

Merkle and Meissner corpuscle. They both have SMALL response fields and HIGH acuity.

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15
Q

How does the merkle receptor fire?

A

It fires continuously while stimulus is present.

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16
Q

How does the meissner corpus receptor fire?

A

Fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed.

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17
Q

What are the two types of mechanoreceptors DEEPER in the skin and what do they have in common?

A

Ruffini cyliners and pacinian corpuscle. Both have a LARGE receptive field with LOW acuity

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18
Q

How does the ruffini cylinders fire?

A

Fires continuously

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19
Q

How does the pacinian corpuscle fire?

A

fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed.

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20
Q

What is the duplex theory of texture proposed by David Katz?

A

That two receptors acting together may be responsible for this process (Merkle and pacinian corpuscle) (spatial cues and temporal cues)

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21
Q

What are the two major pathways in the spinal cord?

A

Spinothamalic pathway and Medial lemniscal pathway

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22
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

consist of small fibers that carry temperature and pain information.

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23
Q

What is the medial lemniscal pathway?

A

consist of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information.

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24
Q

What do both pathways pass through?

A

The ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus.

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25
Q

How are signals pass through(skin to cortex)

A

signals travel from the thalamus to somatosenory receiving area (S1) and the secondary receiving area (S2) in the parietal lobe.

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26
Q

What is homunculi?

A

Body maps

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27
Q

What has high acuity in the sensory homunculus

A
  • Body area with high acuity have larger areas of cortical tissue
  • Area with higher acuity also have smaller receptive fields on the skin
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29
Q

What is focal dystonia

A

when areas responsible for controlling a certain area is fused with the other area in the homunculus area

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30
Q

What is the Haptic perception, what are its three distinct systems?

A

The haptic perception is the active exploration of 3-D objects with the hands. It uses three distinct systems,

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34
Q

What EXPLORATORY PROCEDURES did Klatzky discovered that people use?

A
  • Lateral motion
  • pressure
  • encolsure
  • contour following
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38
Q

What does the monkey example of somatosensory demonstrate?

A
  • As signals move forward from the mechanoreceptor they are more comples
  • single cell recording show that some cells respond maximally to orientations of stimuli and direction and movement.
  • neurons respond best to grasping specific objects
  • paying attention to task increases firing rate of somatosensory cell
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42
Q

How similar are music and speech?

A
  • Rule based systems
  • require specific knowledge
  • innate to humans
  • composed of sequential events that extend in time
  • involve the development of expectations over time
  • results from the combination of the same types of frequency, amplitude and timbre combinations.
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48
Q

Is music and speech perceived the same way in the brain?

A

No

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49
Q

In the Van petten and Rehinfelder experiment what did they discover about the left and right ear?

A

The right ear (left hemisphere) has an advantage for speech sounds.

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52
Q

** What are steps 1 and 2 for producing a speech stimulus?

A
  1. Push air from the lungs with a certain force. (this will be the stimulus amplitude)
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54
Q

** What are steps 3 and 4 for producing a speech stimulus?

A
  1. Air then goes into vocal tract (mouth and nasal cavity)
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56
Q

How are vowel sounds produced? (articulators)

A

changing the shape of the vocal tract.

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57
Q

What in the vocal tract alters the resonance of the chamber?

A

articulators

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58
Q

What is formants?

A

The resonant frequency and produce peaks in pressure at a number of frequencies.

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59
Q

What are sound spectrograms?

A

measuring device that show changes in frequency and intensity for speech.

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60
Q

**What are step 5 and 6 of producing a speech stimulus

A
  1. Consonants are produced by a constriction of the vocal tract (using the articulators)
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62
Q

How is a consonant formed? (formant transitions)

A

producing constriction of the vocal tract

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63
Q

What is formant transition

A

Rapid changes in frequency preceding or following consonants.

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64
Q

What is the diagram of the speech stimulus (starting from the bottom up)

A
  1. Blow some air
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69
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Smallest unit of PERCEIVED speech stimulus that changes meaning of a word.

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70
Q

What is the variability problem?

A

There is no simple correspondence between the acoustic signal (phones) and individual phonemes.

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71
Q

How do we deal with the variability problem?

A

Categorical perception

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72
Q

When does categorical perception occur?

A

When a ride range of acoustic cues result in the perception of a limited number of sound categories.

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73
Q

What is an example of categorical perception?

A

Voice onset time experiment.

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74
Q

What is voice onset time

A

time delay between when a sound starts and when voicing begins.

75
Q

what is the mcGurk effect?

A

Person see’s a person say ga-ga, but hears ba-ba, he then answers that he heard da-da which is the midpoint between ga and ba

76
Q

What did Rubin et al discover?

A

That we have an advantage for recognizing more meaningful stimuli. (people were quicker to answer with meaning then none bat vs baf)

77
Q

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

A

Listeners could not correctly identify the position and they also did not notice that a phoneme was missing when they heard a sentence that had a phoneme covered by a cough. ( task was to state where in the sentence the cough occur)

78
Q

** What is Binural, azimuth?

A

ITD interneural time difference(low frequencies)

80
Q

** what is monural, elevation?

A

Spectral cues andHRTF - Head related transfer function

81
Q

Why are we best at localizing sounds in front of us?

A

It appears that ITD and ILD azmuth cues are most effective to the sides, but we have difficulties detecting those on the cone of confusion.

82
Q

Why is perception and active process?

A

perception is an active process because no single observation is used to localize a sound. We orient ITD and ILD infront of us.

83
Q

**What are the two physiological representation of auditory space- (2 approaches)

A

Narrowly tuned ITD - specificity coding

85
Q

In broadly tuned ITD where is sound indicated at?

A

Sound is indicated by the RATIO of responding to TWO TYPES of ITD neurons, left sensitive and right sensitive.

86
Q

What is related to melody schema?

A

Effect of past experience (familiarity) . After people hear the normal melody they can hear the modified version and understand it compared to not listening to the normal melody.

87
Q

What is a complex tone?

A

additive waveform of 200Hz

88
Q

What does musical instruments share when they place the same tone (note?

A

Fundamental frequency

89
Q

What will differ from the musical instruments?

A

The timbre (quality) of the tones will differ.

90
Q

What can the basilar membrane be described as?

A

Acoustic prism

96
Q

**What are the auditory grouping principles?

A

Onset time, location, similarity of timbre and pitch, proximity in time, auditory continuity, effect of past experience

97
Q

** What is onset time?

A

sounds that start at different times are likely from difference sources.

98
Q

** What is location?

A

A single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously

99
Q

** What is similarity of timbre and pitch?

A

Similar sounds are grouped together (similarity)

100
Q

**What is proximity in time?

A

Sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source (proximity)

101
Q

** What is auditory continuity?

A

Sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source. ( good continuation)

102
Q

** What is effect of past experience?

A

Deals with melody schema

103
Q

**What is auditory stream segregation?

A

Grouping allows for auditory stream segregation, based of attribution of different qualities/dimensions to multiple sources.

104
Q

What is the main structure of the inner ear? What sets it into vibration?

A

Cochlea, stapes

105
Q

Where does transduction take place?

A

Transduction takes place by the cilia

106
Q

What is the cilia?

A

Cilia is on the end of hair cells bending in response to the movement of organ of Corti and tectorial membrane.

107
Q

In sending signals to the brain, the auditory nerve fibers synapse in a series of subcortical structures. What does “Co Nuc SON-IC MG- ARA” stand for?

A

Co Nuc- Cochlear nucleus

112
Q

In the primary auditory cortex (A1), which is the first cortical region to receive auditory information ?

A

Temporal lobe

113
Q

The auditory cortex is hierarchically organized, explain.

A

Neural signals travel through the core (including A1) then belt, followed by the parabelt area.

114
Q

What causes activation to the core areas?

A

Simple sounds (pure tones)

115
Q

What kind of tones preferentially cause activation to the Belt and parabelt areas?

A

They respond to more complex stimuli (tones, voices) made up of many frequencies.

116
Q

**What is the “What pathway” and what is it responsible for?

A

What, aka ventral streams, begin in the anterior portion of the core and belt and extends to the prefrontal cortex. - It is responsible for identifying sounds.

117
Q

**What is the “Where pathway” and what is it responsible for?

A

Where pathway aka dorsal stream, starts in the posterior core and belt and extends to the parietal and prefrontal corticies.- it is responsible for locating sound.

118
Q

What do humans who have brain damage to the auditory cortex have difficulties with?

A

Pitch

119
Q

What did Bendor & Wang (2005) do?

A

They recorded from cells just outside of A1 and found that they responded to COMPLEX TONES with the SAME FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY called PITCH NEURONS.

120
Q

What is auditory space?

A

space that surrounds and observer and exsist wherever there are sound sources.

121
Q

What three dimensions of auditory space are there?

A

Azimuth- Position left to right

124
Q

People can localize sounds more accurately if…

A

sounds is directly infront of them

125
Q

People can localize sounds less accurately if…

A

sounds is to the sides and behind their heads.

126
Q

** What are the localization cues in Binaural (using both ears, left and right)?

A

ITD- Interaural time difference

128
Q

** What are the localization cues in monaural (using one ear)

A

HRTF- Head related transfer function and spectral cues.

129
Q

What is Interarual time difference (ITD)?

A

ITD is the difference between the times at which sounds reach the two ears.

130
Q

Explain (ITD) point A, B and does this effect occure for low frequency tones?

A

Point A- When distance to each ear is the same and there are no differences in time.

133
Q

What is Interaural level differences (ILD)

A

ILD it the difference in sound pressure reaching the two ears.

134
Q

In ILD, when does reduction in intensity occur?

A

It occurs for high frequency sounds for the far ear.

135
Q

What is an acoustic shadow in ILD, does ILD effect occur for low frequency sounds?

A

When there is high frequency, the head casts an acoustic shadow, blocking out (reflecting) and absorbing some of the ihgh frequency pressure waves.

136
Q

Which between ILD and ITD is largest at locations farther to the side?

A

The Interaural level difference (ILD)

137
Q

What are the ILD and ITD not effective of detecting?

A

The ILD and ITD are not effective of detecting the differences in elevation.

138
Q

What does HRTF stand for and is it unique to each head?

A

Head related transfer function, it is unique to each head.

139
Q

What is a spectral cue?

A

When information comes from the spectrum of frequencies. (measurements performed by placing small microphone in ears and comparing intensities of frequencies with those

140
Q

What did the Hoffman study suggest?

A

The study stuggested that there might be two different sets of neurons- one for each set of spectral cues (new and old)

141
Q

**In binaural, azimuth, interaural time difference (ITD) are useful for

A

(ITD) useful for low frequencies

142
Q

** In binaural, azimuth, interaural level difference (ILD) are useful for

A

(ILD) useful for high frequencies

143
Q

** In monaural, elevation are conected to

A

spectural cues and the head related transfer fuction (HRTF)

144
Q

How do Binaural and Monaural work together?

A

Both work together effectively, but are mainly for orientating. In real applications, we move our heads and take many auditory samples with all localization cues.

145
Q

What are two basic approaches have been proposed using ITD as a model

A

Narrowly tuned ITD neurons and Broadly tuned ITD neurons

146
Q

What is narrowly tuned ITD neurons?

A

narrowly tuned ITD neurons responds to specific time differences only. One neuron gives location- form of SPECIFICITY CODING

147
Q

What is broadly tuned ITD neurons?

A

Broadly tuned ITD neurons respond to broad range of time differences. Location is calculated from a range of neural responses. Form of distributed coding.

148
Q

What ITD neuron did Jeffress Model look at?

A

Narrowly tuned ITD

149
Q

What is the Jefress model for narrowly tuned ITD neurons? What is the coincidence detectors?

A

-Neurons receive signals from both ears,

153
Q

Which sub cortical area responds to narrowly tuned ITD neurons?

A

Neurons in the inferior colliculus and superior olivary nuclei responds to a narrow range

154
Q

What does ITD stand for

A

Inter-neural time differences

155
Q

What is auditory scene?

A

the range of all sound sources in the environment

156
Q

What is auditory scene analysis?

A

Process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perception - does not happen on cochlear, occurs in basilar membrane.

157
Q

** What are the auditory grouping principles?

A

Onset time, Location, similarity of timbre and pitch, proximity in time, auditory continuity, effect of past experience (familiarity)—- OLSPAE (on love spae)

158
Q

**What is onset time?

A

Sounds that start different times are likely to come from different sources ( recall visual synchrony)

159
Q

**What is location?

A

A single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously.

160
Q

**What is similarity of timbre and pitch?

A

Similar sounds are grouped together(flute trills belong to flute, trumpet blares belong to trumpets)

161
Q

**What is unique about similarity of timbre and pitch?

A

Similarity of timbre and pitch allows us to perform auditory segregation

162
Q

**What is auditory segregation?

A

based on attribution of different timbres or pitch to multiple sources

163
Q

**What is proximity in time?

A

sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source

164
Q

** what is auditory continuity?

A

Sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source.

165
Q

** what is effect of past experience (familiarity)?

A

deals with melody schema

Cogs 101A (1 decks)

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