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HDEV 301 > COGNITIVE THEORY CH4 > Flashcards

COGNITIVE THEORY CH4 Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the process of changing existing schemes in order to account for novel elements in the object or event

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2
Q

Adaptation

A
  1. A process by which living things develop structures and problem-solving mechanisms that enable them to thrive in a specific environment; 2. In cognitive developmental theory, a process of gradually modifying existing schemes and operations in order to take into account changes or discrepancies between what is known and what is being experienced
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3
Q

assimilation

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the process of incorporating objects or events into existing schemes

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4
Q

Attention

A

the ability to focus on an object or task as well as to shift or redirect focus from one object to another

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5
Q

Autonomous Morality

A

a relatively mature moral perspective in which rules are viewed as a product of cooperative agreements

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6
Q

Casual Schemes

A

the ability to anticipate that specific actions will have specific concequences

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7
Q

Causality

A

basically-cause and effect; causality is when an event occurs due to the effects of another event

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8
Q

Central Conceptual Structures

A

a theory of cognitive development which identifies networks of semantic modes and relations that have broad applications within a domain, and which emerge in a progressive manner as a result of maturing central processing capacities and executive functions

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9
Q

Classification

A

the action of grouping objects according to some specific characteristics they all have in common, including all objects that show the characteristic and none that do not

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10
Q

cognition

A

the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. Some of the many different cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving

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11
Q

Concrete Operational Thought

A

in cognitive developmental theory, a stage of cognitive development in which rules of logic can be applied to observable or manipulable physical relations

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12
Q

Conservation

A

the concept that physical changes do not alter the mass, weight, number or volume of matter

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13
Q

Conventional morality

A

a stage of moral reasoning in which right and wrong are closely associated with rules created by legitimate authorities such as parents, teachers, or government officals

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14
Q

Decentering

A

gaining objectivity over ones point of view

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15
Q

Disequilibrium

A

a condition in which changes in the organism or changes in the environment require a revision of schemes or mental structures

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

the perception of oneself and ones thoughts as central and compelling; the notion that others base their views and behaviors on ones perceptions

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17
Q

equilibration

A

efforts to reconcile new perspectives and ideas with existing views

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

a sense of balance in which ones schemes and structures provide effective ways of understanding and interacting with the environment

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19
Q

Executive Control

A

cognitive capacities associated with maturation of the prefrontal cortex; includes the ability to reject irrelevant information, formulate complex hypothetical arguments, organize an approach to a complex task, and follow a sequence of steps to task completion

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20
Q

Formal Operational Thought

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the stage of development characterized by advanced reasoning, hypothesis generating and testing, the ability to consider the interaction among multiple variables, and the ability to take a probabilistic view of the future

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21
Q

Heteronomous morality

A

a view of morality in which rules are viewed as fixed and unchangeable insofar as they are established by a higher power of authority

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22
Q

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

A

a method of reasoning in which a hypothetical model based on observations is first proposed, and then tested by logically deducing the implication sor consequences implied by the model

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23
Q

Identity

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the concept that an object is still the same object even though its shape or location has been changed; in psychosocial theory, a meaningful integration of one’s roles and a view of oneself for the future that is acceptable and valued by society

24
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are enthusiastically listening to or watching them

25
Q

Information Processing

A
  • how individuals make sense of the great amount of information that is present in their environment, how they analyze tasks in order to perform them effectively, how they translate their analyses into plans for action, and how they implement their plans
26
Q

Insight

A

the ability to arrive at the solution to a problem through mental experimentation such as trial and error rather than having to try out each step in reality

27
Q

Knowin

A

having awareness and knowledge; knowing is sometimes differentiated between knowing about and knowing how

28
Q

logico-mathematical knowledge

A

abstract concepts such as quantity, or similar or different which are foundational to mathematical reasoning an problem solving

29
Q

Long term memory

A

a complex network of information, concepts and schemes related by association, knowledge, and use that can be drawn upon over time as needed

30
Q

mental operation

A

A mental operation, in the Piagetian way of thinking, is the ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something happening without it actually needing to happen. During a mental operation, children imagine “what if” scenarios which involve the imaginal transformation of mental representations of things they have experienced in the world; people, places and things. The ability to perform mental arithmetic is a good example of an operation.

31
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about ones own thinking

32
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

a cognitive aspect to morality based on assessments of intention, fairness, justice, and social obligations

33
Q

Object Permanence

A

in cognitive developmental theory, a scheme achieved in infancy in which children are aware that objects continue to exist even when hidden or moved from place to place

34
Q

Operation

A

an action or mental action that is preformed on an object or set of objects

35
Q

Organization

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the capacity to reduce information by creating structure or systems and then integrating or coordinating those systems

36
Q

Organizational Strategies

A

techniques that help preserve and retrieve information, manage more information by chunking or grouping bits of information together, and link new information with information that has already been stored

37
Q

Personal Fable

A

a belief held by many adolescents telling them that they are special and unique, so much so that none of lifes difficulties or problems will affect them regardless of their behavior

38
Q

Perspective talking

A

the ability to consider a situation from the point of view of others than ones own

39
Q

Pre-Conventional morality

A

the most advanced form of the moral reasoning in which moral decisions are based on an appreciation of the social contract that binds members of a social system, and on higher values such as fairness and justice

40
Q

Preoperational thought

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the stage in which representational skills are acquired; reasoning is based largely on perceptions rather than logic

41
Q

post-conventional morality

A

occurs when an individual develops their own set of ethics and morals to drive their decisions and actions

42
Q

post-formal thought

A

a stage of development that occurs in early adulthood which a person gains the ability to synthesize opposing ideas or feelings into more complete understanding

43
Q

Reciprocity

A

a scheme describing the interdependence of related dimensions such as height and width

44
Q

Representational Thinking

A

implies the development of a symbolic function, i.e., the differentiation of signifiers and signified,* since it entails the evocation of what is not present, which it can do only by means of differentiated signifiers

45
Q

Reversibility

A

a scheme describing the ability to undo an action and return to the original state

46
Q

Scheme

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the organization of actions into a unified whole; a mental construct

47
Q

Semiotic Thinking

A

an investigation into how meaning is created and how meaning is communicated. Its origins lie in the academic study of how signs and symbols(visual and linguistic) create meaning.

48
Q

Sensorimotor intelligence

A

in cognitive developmental theory, the first stage during which schemes are built on sensory and motor expereinces

49
Q

Short-term memory

A

the capacity to encode and retrieve five to nine bits of information in the span of a minute or two

50
Q

Signs

A

something that represents something else, usually in an abstract way, such as a word representing an object

51
Q

Social Cognition

A

knowing about and understanding interpersonal behavior and the point of view of others

52
Q

Social perspective-taking

A

occurs any time you share space with others, even in the absence of active social interactions. We use social perspective taking before, during, and after a social encounter to help us figure out our social responses, based on our own and others social goals in a situation

53
Q

Stages of cognitive development

A

in cognitive developmental theory, distinct periods of life during which a persons ability to understand and reason about the self, objects and their relationships, and others undergoes substantial, qualitative change

54
Q

Symbols

A

an object or image that represents something; often it incorporates a feature of the concept it represents

55
Q

Theory of Mind

A

an integrated set of ideas about what a person understands about someone else’s beliefs and desires

HDEV 301 (1 decks)

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