Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evidence based theory > cognitive review > Flashcards

cognitive review Flashcards

1
Q

Counted the number of times each event occurs.

A

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Spread or variation of the data/score

A

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the meaning of a phenomenon, experience for an individual participant

Data gathered directly from informants through interview or observation

A

QUALITATIVE STUDY DESIGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stability within an instrument

How well the items measure same Variable and yield similar results?

Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7

A

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scale with equal intervals between the numbers

No true 0 point

A

Interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Properly calibrated equipment & instruments

A

MINIMIZING MEASUREMENT ERROR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coding categories: “Cookbook”

Break down data to sort/label in categories

A

CODING & DATA REDUCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Not given all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Risk for selection bias

Limitation of generalizations about findings

A

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Going forward (usually a long period of time)

A

Prospective/Longitudinal Design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Measured scores are incorrect in the same direction
Affects average score: Bias
Sources of error

A

SYSTEMATIC ERROR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Access one person suitable for study - Find other people
“Referral sampling”
Very good methods for sensitive subjects/issues

Example:
Found one mother of children with cystic fibrosis who lives in her neighborhood & asked her if she knows any other mothers of children with cystic fibrosis.

A

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Not predict the direction of difference and/or relationship between Variables

Example:
There is a difference in the mammography rates between women who receive and do not receive the education.

A

Non-Directional Hypothesis: 2-tailed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Undesirable variables that influence the study outcome

Not the variables that are actually of interest.

A

EXTRANEOUS (CONFOUNDING) VARIABLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scores vary in a random way
Inconsistent data collection procedures by collector(s)
Not affect the average score
Affects variability around average score

A

RANDOM ERROR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who: research assistant, trained nurse…etc.
Where: home, clinic, conference room…etc.
When: before and/or after intervention…etc.
How: interview, survey, observation…etc.
How often: once, every 3 weeks…etc.

A

COMPONENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scale with equal intervals between the numbers

Absolute 0 point

A

Ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two variables are related across a group of participants

A

CORRELATION STATISTICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Categorize a variable

A

Nominal (Categorical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to measure the Variable/Concept?

Make decision for type of data to be collected

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stability between Raters
Correlating Rater score
Percentage or Cohen’s kappa > 0.85

A

INTER-RATER RELIABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Already collected data set by someone else for some other purposes

Patient record, Public/Commercial databases of health data, Registries, Government sources of health data .

A

SECONDARY DATA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

General meaning of Variable/Concept

Perceived Susceptibility: One’s opinion of chances of getting a condition

A

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Commonly used to investigate and identify the cause of certain condition/disease with small sample size

Example:
Rare type of cancer
Hepatitis outbreaks

A

CASE CONTROL DESIGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PICO Approach

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison/Control
Outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Measurement of a group over time

Independent variable manipulated at some point in time

Enables the researcher to:

  • Determine effectiveness of intervention
  • Quantify timing of effects

Example:
Test effectiveness of planned behavior intervention to increase adherence of community mental health professionals to a national suicide prevention guideline

A

TIME SERIES DESIGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Made up of people who are easy to reach.

Example:
Patients from the hypertension clinics of 2 local hospitals to explore medication adherence among HTN patients.

A

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Proportion/Rate in one sample against another

Relationship between two nominal/categorical variables

A

Chi-Square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Provide a high level of control

measure something

Enable the researchers to:

  • Examine the effectiveness of interventions
  • Measure changes over time
  • Explore the relationship between variables and outcomes
A

QUANTITATIVE STUDY DESIGNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stability of measurement over time
Same measurement tool with the same participants at different time
Correlation coefficient >/- 0.5

A

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lack of time
Negative attitude toward research & EBP
Organizational constraints
Lack of skill to search literature and interpret evidence
Perception that lack of authority to change practice
Cost
Individual judgment/patient input devalued

A

BARRIERS TO EBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Best used for many variation in variable being measured
Strata/Layers
Divide population into smaller groups
Take random sample from each stratum/group

A

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Face validity

Panel of experts review the items of instrumen

A

CONTENT VALIDITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Assess if results from the sample can occur in a large population

A

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Categorize variable with rankings

A

Ordinal (Ranking)

35
Q

Words, not numbers
Feelings, experiences, perceptions
Transcribed verbatim & field notes
Need to be sorted & categorized contents

A

CONTENT ANALYSIS

36
Q

Recurrent meaning that appear during data analysis

A

THEME IDENTIFICATION: FINDINGS

37
Q

Longer Left tail

Concentrated majority of distribution on the Right side

A

Negative Skew

38
Q

Characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from inclusion in the study.

A

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

39
Q

Predicts there is NO difference/relationship between variables/groups

Researcher wishes to disapprove this hypothesis

A

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho)

40
Q

type of QUALITATIVE STUDY that

Study of people and cultures
Explore cultural phenomena

Example:
Experiences of Hmong refugee’s ER visit in U.S.

Perception of a “good death” among Japanese Americans

Sense of obligation of filial piety among elderly KA women

A

ETHNOGRAPHY

41
Q

No standard/guideline for the analytic process

Results will be reported in words.

A

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

42
Q

Interviewer chooses the questions/techniques depending on the participant’s answer & the situation

Participant speaks freely without any set question order

A

Unstructured Interview

43
Q

Data collected directly from the participants for own study
Most reliable data
Methodology section

A

PRIMARY DATA

44
Q

Accuracy or correctness of the study results

Independent variable(s) made the differences/changes in Dependent variable(s).

A

INTERNAL VALIDITY

45
Q

Example:

Every 3rd nurse is randomly selected from the mailing list of the ANA

A

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

46
Q

Present exactly the same questions in the same order in each interview.

A

Structured Interview

47
Q

Identify a problem
Develop research question
Literature review/Investigate the current practice
Synthesize evidence/findings
Develop recommendations
Pilot recommended interventions and changes
Assess the effectiveness of the interventions & changes

A

STEPS OF EBP

48
Q

Not concerned with measurement strategies

Analyze each participant’s own words

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

49
Q

Congruent the characteristics of target population &sample

Affects generalizability of results back to the target population from which they were chosen

A

REPRESENTATIVENESS

50
Q 
Self determination
Privacy and dignity
Anonymity and confidentiality
Fair treatment
Protection from discomfort and harm
A

RIGHTS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS

51
Q

Predicts only one direction of change/relationship between Variables

Example:
There will be increased mammography rates among women who receive the education compared to those who do not receive the education.

A

Directional Hypothesis: 1-tail

52
Q
  • Do not require IRB review
  • Must meet the criteria for Exempt Review
  • Studies must pose NO risk (i.e. using public data)
A

Exempt Review

53
Q

Rejection of null hypothesis

A

ALTERNATIVE/RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (H1)

54
Q

Combines Quantitative and Qualitative measurements

Involves the measurable state of a phenomenon and the individual’s subjective response to it

Use quantitative data analysis to compliment as the qualitative data analysis

A

MIXED METHODS STUDY

55
Q

No true relationship between the variables
No true difference between two groups
Statistically testing

A

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) TESTING

56
Q

Describe a phenomenon with objective precision
Identified Variables
Statistical analysis for results
Measured Variables in a reliable and valid way

A

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

57
Q

Non-invasive procedure

Minimal risk

A

Expedited Review

58
Q

Assess/Estimate the prevalence of a particular disease in a certain population

Commonly used for public health planning

Examine one variable in different groups that are similar in all other characteristics.

A

CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

59
Q

To gain more information about phenomena occurring in its natural setting

No manipulation of Variables

Used to observe, document, and describe.

Does not enable the determination of cause and effect

A

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

60
Q 
Natural approach to research.
Unstructured data
Interview, Observation, Focus group
Summary of subjective conclusion
Understanding the meaning of an event/phenomenon  from the individual’s perspective
A

QUALITATIVE STUDY

61
Q

Positive statement to predict the relationship/difference of the variables: Outcomes of study

A

RESEARCH/ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

62
Q

type of QUALITATIVE STUDY that

Capturing the “lived experience” of a phenomenon

Example:
What is the lived experience for the treatment of a malignant brain tumor in adult males?

What is the lived experience of caregiver for a patient with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?

A

PHENOMENOLOGY

63
Q

Determine the strength and direction of any relationship between two variables

A

CORRELATION DESIGN

64
Q

No concealment

Aware of being observed

A

Direct Observation

65
Q

Given all individuals equal chances of being selected for the sample.

Must utilizes random selection process/procedure

A

PROBABILITY (RANDOM) SAMPLING

66
Q

Very similar to Experimental design

NO random assignment to intervention/control groups

A

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

67
Q

SAMPLE SIZE

Power/Power Analysis

How large of a sample is needed to detect adetect a difference in the outcome variable?

A

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

68
Q

Bell-shaped curve: Symmetry

Basic assumption for most statistical tests

A

Normal Distribution

69
Q

Longer Right tail

Concentrated majority of distribution on the Left side

A

Skewed Distribution

Positive Skew

70
Q

Possibility of generalizability of the study results to:
Other population
Other environmental conditions

A

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

71
Q

Most commonly used for Qualitative study

A

INTERVIEWS

72
Q

Do not meet criteria for Exempt/Expedited review

A

Full Review

73
Q

Strongest design: provide strongest evidence for practice

Allows for conclusion of cause and effect

Manipulated Independent variable (Intervention)

Measurement of Dependent variable (Outcome)

Random Assignment of participants to groups

A

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

74
Q

Judgmental sampling:
Researcher knows enough about the population and its elements to handpick the sample

Selected participants deliberately based on intentions of the researcher and purpose of the study

Chosen for specific purposes

A

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

75
Q

Researcher uses some knowledge of the population to build some representatives into the sampling plan.

Selected participants based on pre-specified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors, some other criteria

Arbitrarily choose participants from each group.

A

QUOTA SAMPLING

76
Q

Outcome has already occurred

“look back” for events that occurred in the past.

A

TIME ELEMENT DESIGN

Retrospective Design

77
Q

Quantify participant’s level of responses
Asked to express degree of agreement/disagreement
Each degree has numerical value
Calculate a total numerical value from all participants

A

Likert Scale

78
Q

Example:
Total of 16 nurse managers are randomly selected from 8 hospitals in 2 randomly selected clusters in the State of Illinois.

A

CLUSTER SAMPLING

79
Q

Congruent characteristics of the population and sample

Required characteristics that the prospective subjects must have to be included in the study

A

ENROLLMENT: SELECTION CRITERIA

INCLUSION CRITERIA

80
Q

Most commonly used data collection tools
Complete/Distribute by face-to-face, mail-out, online
open or close ended questions

A

SURVEY/QUESTIONNAIRE

81
Q

Describe the pattern of scores among participants

A

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

82
Q

SAMPLE SIZE

Redundancy and Saturation

When is the point at which no new information is being generated

A

QUALITATIVE STUDY

83
Q

Completed with each participant
Detailed Information: extent and sufficient
Comprehension

A

INFORMED CONSENT

84
Q

Unaware of being observed

Debriefing

A

Indirect Observation: Concealment

Evidence based theory (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions