Cognitive Psychology Exam 1 - Frank Murphy Flashcards
interpreting sensory input
perception
mechanism for continuing cognitive processing
attention
cognitive processes underlying storage, retention, and retrieval of information
memory
the ability to detect something
sensation
interpreting sensory information
perception
using pieces of information from the environment to form a precept
bottom-up processing
using expectation, theories, and memory as a guide to perceive things
top-down processing
comparing a new object to templates of other objects we already have stored until we find a match
template matching
breaking up and analyzing individual components
feature analysis
agreement over which geons are part of an object (Biederman)
recognition by components
the idea that perception changes with practice, some aspects become clearer over time
perceptual learning
the failure to notice large changes across scenes when there is a brief space between the two
change blindness
the improvement of letter identification when in words than alone
word superiority effect
two parallel lines moving away appear to be touching
linear perspective
as something gets closer to you, the tension in your eye increases
convergence
certain aspects of stimuli that do not change
invariances
acts or behaviors permitted by objects, places, or events
affordances
where nerves leave the back of the eye, and no light receptors are present
blind spot
he believed we have limited attention capacities and cannot pay attention to everything
William James
focusing resources on some tasks, and processing less information about competing tasks
selective attention
when two distinct messages are played in either ear, how someone can repeat the message in one but not the other
dichotic listening
states that there is a limit on the amount of information that can be processed (nothing passes filter)
broadbent’s early selection theory
states that all messages are processed for meaning, then a filter is applied, and messages are selected (nothing passes filter)
late selection theory
states that you do not completely block unattended information (some passes filter)
filter attenuation theory
states that we do not filter or attenuate, but instead simply fail to process some information
schema theory
when performing a task requires no willful attention to complete
automaticity
states that accuracy increases as you gather more instances, the more likely you are to retrieve correct answer
instance theory
damage to the parietal lobe resulting in ignoring information from the opposite visual field
sensory neglect
translating information into a usable form
encoding
accessing stored information
retrieval
some form of holding information for later use
storage
the inability to retrieve something
forgetting
sensory memory for visual information, only lasts about 1 second
iconic memory
sensory memory for auditory material
echoic memory
information that enters from sensory memory (7+/-2 items)
short term memory
the form of which the information is represented in memory
code
information being learned now can interfere with old information
retroactive interference
information you already know can interfere with information being learned now
proactive interference
simultaneously searching through every memory through short term memory all at once
parallel search
searching through every item in short term memory one by one
serial search
controls attention, directs information, selects which information will be processed and how (the boss)
central executive
holds information and creates, stores, and uses mental images
visuospatial sketchpad
translates visual information into an auditory code to be placed in the phonological store, and rehearses information to offset delay
articulatory control process
where phonological information is held, decays in 2 seconds unless refreshed by the ACP
phonological store
longer words are more difficult to recall than shorter words
word length effect
repeating a word/syllable during presentation of a list results in poorer recall of the list
articulatory suppression
one person speaks annoyingly, and the other person reads words, recall of them will be poorer
irrelevant speech effect
