Cognitive PSYCHOLOGY Exam 1 Flashcards
What does Cognitive Psychology require?
Computer Modeling + Brain & Neuropsychology + Cognition/Behavior
How does perception help us in life?
We recognize faces, speak/understand each other, and close our eyes to imagine.
What can attention help you do?
Contributes to multi-task w/o interference
What can memory, language, decision-making, and intelligence help with?
Learning/remembering better reliable testimony, learning languages, risk-takers, and IQ/smart
What is cognitive psychology?
the scientific study
of thinking as “information processing”:
how we observe, attend to, encode, store,
retrieve, and manipulate “information
What does cog. psychology depend on?
our actions, thoughts, and feeling
What happens when you get amnesia?
- Forget what happened before + after the operation to everyday activities.
- Don’t know who the person is/accomplishment/their IQ/No self
What does science need?
Resolve disagreements + determine who is right= our science will become an opinion
What did Wilhem Wundt and Edward Bradford make and focus on
Focus on the study of thoughts through introspection while studying the conscious mental events, feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and recollections.
Introspection was successful throughout the 2000s. If yes or no, why?
False since it can’t study unconscious thoughts and can’t tell unconscious events
What does science need?
Resolve disagreements + determine who is right = our science will become an opinion
What does data need?
- Organisms’ behaviors are observable in right way and watch my actions.
- Stimuli in the same objective category: measurable, recordable, and physical events
What does behaviorist movement do?
How behaviors changes in response to diff. configurations of stimuli (including stimuli that are often called rewards and punishments). Successful
Do focusing on observable objective aspects of these stimuli have a lot in common
False b/c they have little in common
What does Kant’s transcendental method do?
Observe the effects of the consequences of a process and ask what brings about these effects. Inference to best explain.
Is it true that classical behaviorism wasn’t successful from studying the mental process
It is true, b/c mental processes cannot be observed directly from introspection.
What does Kantian logic help?
How people remember/make decisions/pay attention/solve problems
What does Edward Tolman argue
Learning involved abstract: the acquisition of new knowledge
What did B.F. Skinner argue
Humans ability to learn and use language, arguing that language use could be understood in terms of behaviors + rewards.
Why did Noam Chomsky rebut Skinner’s proposal?
He doesn’t explain the creativity of language to produce/understand sentences we never encountered.
(True/False) Gestalt psychology movement based in Berlin in the early decades of the 20th century. They fled to the US leading WWII and became influential figures in their home
Truth
What did Frederick Barlett comment about?
Each of us shapes and organizes our experience.
What do computers progress in?
- Developing hardware and software capable of info.
- Storage and retrieval memory
- Do tasks involve decision-making and problem-solving
Why did Donald Broadbent use language of computer science for?
Explain human cognition in how people focus their attention wen working in complex environments. (how people load info to memory or how they made decisions)
How do the human mind explore followed procedures similar to computers?
Borrows buffers/gates/central processors borrowed from computer technology
What unites cognitive psychology?
The logic behind our research.
Is it true that healthy brain goes through clinical neuropsychology
False; damaged brains goes through clinical neuropsychology
What happens with people who have disrupted brain centers?
Trouble to make decisions and act on emotions
What do people with Capgras syndrome go through?
Confusion + bizarre speculation about loved ones whereabouts + paranoid=homicide
What scan do people with Capgras syndrome use?
PET scans and MRI
What happens to a damaged amygdala +capgras syndrome
No experience of warm feeling (safe + secure) looking at familiar face
What happens when a temporal area is damaged
It disrupts the emotional evaluator that helps sense threat + danger+ safety or available rewards
What is a prefrontal cortex and its function?
Outer surface of the frontmost part of the brain (frontmost part of the frontal lobe)
Functions:
Planning behaviors
What happens when frontal lobe is damaged?
Less track of what is real and weird beliefs
What scans does prefrontal cortex use?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging to track moment by moment activity in living brain
What is the brain divided into?
Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
What is the hindbrain roles
- Rhythmn of heartbeats regulated.
- Maintain body’s overall posture + balance
- Control brain’s level of alertness
What role does cerebellum do? What happens when it is damaged?
- Coordination of bodily movements
- Balance
Damaged cerebellum:
1. Spatial reasoning problems
2. Discriminating sounds
3. Integrating input received from various sensory systems
What is the midbrain’s roles
- Coordination movements of the eye
- Auditory information from ears to forebrain to process/interpret
- Regulate pain experience
What is forebrain role?
Supporting intellectual functioning
What are the four fissures in each hemisphere into 4 lobes
- Frontal lobes- motor projection area.
- Parietal lobes-Attention control
- Temporal lobes-Auditory, Wernicke’s area
- Occipital lobes- Visual projection area
What does the thalamus do?
Major relay and sensory info
What is hypothalamus role
Eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
What is on the left and right hemisphere?
Left hemisphere- Language processing
Right hemisphere-spatial judgment
What does neuropsychology do?
Study of the brain’s structures and how they relate to brain function
What does clinical neuropsychology
Understand the functioning of intact, undamaged brains by careful scrutiny of cases involving brain damage
What happens when there is damage to frontal lobe for left and right side?
Left damaged–> Disrupted language use
Right-damage–> No effect
What are the two types of neuroimaging?
Structural imaging- generates detailed portrait of the shapes/sizes/positions of the brain’s activity.
Functional imaging- Tells us about activity levels throughout the brain
What is the primary tool for structural imaging
Computerized axial tomography
What was used to study brain’s activity?
Positron emission tomography (PET scans)
Which one is the departure projection areas
Primary motor projection areas
What is one that deal with arrival point
Primary sensory projection areas
What does contralateral control do?
Left hemisphere leading to movements on the right side of the body.
Where is the projection areas borrowed from?
Mathematics and discipline of map making
Where are the five senses located in the brain?
Parietal lobe behind the motor projection area. ‘Somatosensor area”
Is it correct that sensory projection areas don’t differ from each other and don’t have features in common?
False; they are different from each other and have features in common
What percent is the human cerebral cortex made up of motor and sensory?
25%
What is apraxias?
A disturbance in the capacity to initiate/organize voluntary action caused by brain damage.
What is agnosias?
Disruptions in the ability to identify familiar objects.
Visual agnosia- Recognize fork by touching it, but not by looking at it.
Auditory agnosia- Unable to identify familiar vices, but recognize the face of person speaking
What does the Gila do?
- Guide the fetus and infant’s development of their nervous system
- Control flow of nutrients to neurons
- Support repairs if the nervous system is damaged
What is the three major parts of neurons?
- Cell body- Contains the neuron’s nucleus and all elements needed for metabolic activities of the cell
- Dendrites-Input receiving signals from many other neurons (Thick and tangled bush branch)
- Axon- output side of neuron, sends neural impose to other neurons; vary enormous in length
What is a tachistoscope?
Device designed to present stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time
What is mask?
Random pattern of lines, curves, or random jumble of letters
How can people recognize visible stimuli?
how familiar the stimulus is. (Counting how often words appears in social media, blogs, television subtitles
How long does it take for participants to memorize words for frequent or infrequent?
Frequent- 50 times in every million printed words.
Infrequent- 1-5 times per million words of print
What does the word-superiority effect demonstrate?
Two alternative, forced-choice procedure, “Which of these was in the display: an E or K?
Is it true that accuracy rates are reliably higher in the word condition?
True since recognizing an entire word is easier than isolated letters.
Is it false that the word-superiority effect is misleading because we observe a related with nonwords?
Nope, it is true.
Is it true that well-formedness is a good predictor of word recognition?
It is true. The more English the string is, the easier it will be to recognize
How is the influence of spelling patterns evident in the mistakes made?
Errors are systematic and word recognition is good. likely to misread less common letter sequences as if they were more common patterns.
Is it true that misspelled words, partial words, or nonwords read in a way that brings them into a line with normal spelling?
True
Why are frequent words in the language easier to recognize than rare words?
- Appear often in the things you read
- Recognizing these words have been freq. used, so they have high activation levels.
- Weak signals are enough to make them fire
What does repetition priming do?
Presenting a word once will cause the relevant detectors to fire. Once fired, activation levels need to make the detectors fire again.
Is it false that the detector for the sequence THE is enormously well primed b/c this is a barely primed and rarely encountered detector?
No, it is true
What happens once the weak signal is produced?
It is enough to trigger a well-primed detector, but not enough to trigger a less-primed detector
What is the network’s response?
Automatic and mechanical consequence of what’s primed and easy to trigger and what’s not
Is it true that the network relies on this knowledge in choosing its interpretation of unclear or ambiguous inputs?
Truth
Is the network’s knowledge not locally represented anywhere and not stored in a particular location/specific process
True
What is the theme of network’s functioning?
Network makes mistakes sometimes, misreading some inputs and misinterpreting some pattern
Recognition by components model include
- Inclusion of an intermediate level of detectors
- Sensitive to geons
What is geons?
Basic building blocks of all the objects we recognize, the alphabet from which all objects are constructed.
What are the lowest-level/highest-level detectors of the RBC model?
Lowest level= Responds to edges, curves, angles. Activate geon detectors.
Highest level= Sensitive to combinations of geon
What is the biological foundation for IT cortex?
Word detectors and object detector
What is the viewpoint independent?
Fire strongly to virtually any view of the target object
What is the viewpoint dependent?
Cells responding directly to the input’s shape and turn trigger viewpoint-independent cells
Is te truth that viewpoint-independent cells are responsive to almost any view of the cell’s preferred target?
Yes, it is true.
What are super-recognizers?
Accurate in face recognition, recognize face memory, and facematching
What doesface recognition depend on
Depends on holistic perception of the face (spacing of eye, length of the nose, height of forehead, and nose width)
What is prospopagnosia?
A syndrome in which individuals lose their ability to recognize faces and to make other fine-grained discriminations within a highly familiar category, even though their other visual abilities seem intact.
What is inversion effect?
A pattern observed for faces in which the specific face is much more difficult to reognize if the face is presented upside-down. This effect is part of the evidence indicating that face recognition relies on processes diff. from those involved in other forms of recognition.
What is holistic perception?
A process in which the ability to identify an object depends on the whole configuration, rather than on an inventory of the object’s parts. The parts do play a role, but by virtue of creating the patterns that are critical for recognition.
What is selective attention?
Focusing on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli that are on the scene
What is the early studies of attention?
Dichotic listening–> Participants wore headphones and heard one input in the elft ear and a diff. input in the right ear
What is attended channel?
Instructed to pay attention to one of these inputs
What is unattended channel?
Ignore the mssage in the other ear
What does it mean when someone needs a participant to repeat back what they heard word for word?
Shadowing
What does it mean when someone does not know what the person told them when asked to repeat word for word?
unattended channel
What does unattended channel contain?
Human speech, musical instruments, or silence
What does filter mean?
Nervous system’s ability to inhibit certain responses and rely on this ability to avoid certain forms of distraction.
What does it require to ignore certain distractors?
Inhibit the processing of distractors and promote processing of desired stimuli
What is inattentional blindness?
Which people fail to see a prominent stimulus even though they’re staring straigh at it.
What does it mean by inattentional deafness?
Fial to hear prominent stimuli if they aren’t expecting them
What do the two proposals have in common while diminishing in the absence of attention?
- Normal ability to see what’s around you.
- Make use of what you see
What is change blindness?
Observer’s inability to detect changes in scenes they’re looking directly at.
Is it true that people are oblivious to stimuli irectly in front of their eyes (computer screen/photographs/videos/real-life events) and prominent sounds in the environment?
True
What is te early selection hypothesis?
Atteneded input is privileged from the start, so that the unattended input receives little analysis and never perceived
What is the late selection hypothesis
Input receive complete analysis and selection occurs before the stimuli reach consciousness, so that we become aware only of the attended input.
What is spatial attention?
Your ability to focus attention on a specific location in space
What percentage in the RT in the condition run slower than those in the neutral condition?
12%
What is mental resources?
Some process or capacity needed for performance, but limited supply
What is the spotlight ideas
Movements of attention
Do eye movements move slow and if so, how long?
They move slow; 180-200ms
Is it the truth that the benefits of attention occur prior to any eye movement, so they cannot be a consequence of eye movements?
True
What is the three clusters of sites?
- Orienting system- disengage attention from one target, shift attention to a new target and engage attention on new target.
- Alerting system=Responsible for maintaining an alert state in the brain.
- Executive system= Cotrols voluntary actions
What happens with people who have ADHD when it comes to learning?
Overwhelmed by the flood of information that’s available to them and unable to focus on their chosen target
What is the ultra-rare item effect?
A pattern in which rare items are often overlooked
Is it the truth that your beliefs about the scene play an important role?
Yes, it is true since you’re unlikely to focus that you think are predictable b/c you’ll gain little info from inspecting these things
How do peope difffer from paying attention?
Men focus on what the people look like including their body shapes.
Women focus on how the people within the scene are dressed
What is individualistic cultures?
Emphasize the achievements and qualities of the single person. Westerners focus on individual people/objects and their attributes.
What is the collectivist cultures
Emphasizes the ways in whih all people are linked to and shaped by, the pople around them. East Asians=holistically focus on the context and how people and objects are related to one another.
What is endogenous control of attention
A mechanism through which a person chooses on the basis of some meaninful signal where to focus attention.
What is the exogenous control of attention?
A mechanism through which atention is automatically directed, essentially as a reflec response to some attention-grabbing input
Is it false that the symptoms of neglect syndrome reveal a spatially defined bias: neglect hald of space and target defines the focus o attnetion.
Nope, it is true.
What is feature integration theory?
A proposal about the function of attention in glueing together elements and features that are in view.
What is biased competition theory?
A proposal that attention functions by shifting neurons priorities, so that the neurons ae more responsive to inputs that have properties associated with the desired or relevant input
What is spatial attention?
The mechanism through whih people allocate processing resources to particular psoitions in space, so that they efficiently process any inputs from that region in space.
What is limted capacity system
A group of processes in which mental resources are limited, so that extra resources suppled to one process must be balanced by a withdrawal of resources somewhere else with the result that the total resources expended do not exceed the limit of what is available
What is mental resources?
Some process or capacity needed for performance, but in limited supply
What is divided attention?
The skill of performing multiple tasks simultaneously
What is executive control?
The mental resources and processes that are used to set goals, choose task priorities, and avoid conflict among competing habits/responses
What is perseveration error?
A pattern of responding in which a perso produces the same response over and over, even though the person knows that the task requires a change in response. This pattern is often observed in patients with brain damage in the fronal lobe.
What is the goal neglect?
A pattern of behavior in which people fail to keep their goal in mind, so that for example, they rely on habitual response even if those response will not move them toward goal
Is it false that divided attention is easy?
No, it is true that divided attention is easy. You can multitaks easily.
You can handle as many tasks when you use the mind’s executive control?
False b/c it can handle one task at a time and limits multitask
What is automaticity?
Describe tasks that are well-practiced and little/no control
What is Stroop interference?
A classic demonstration of automaticity n which research particpants are asked to name the color of ink used to print a word and the word itself is the name of a diff. color. Particpants might see the word yellow printed in blue ink and be required to say blue. Interference is observed in this task with participatns apparently being unable to ignoe the word’s content even though it is irrelevant to their task
