Cognitive psychology

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Question 2

Nativism

Answer 2

The theory or doctrine that concepts, mental capacities, and mental structures are innate rather than acquired or learned. Championed by Descartes and Kant

Question 3

Soma and its size

Answer 3

Neuron body, 5-100 micrometers

Question 4

Terminal bouton game to dendrite size

Answer 4

10-50 nanometers

Question 5

Pyramidal cell

Answer 5

Soma looks like a diamond with one axon and maybe a few branches protruding one way and one branch with many dendrite branches protruding the other way.

Question 6

Cerebellar Purkinje cell

Answer 6

Triangular soma with a mess of dentrites stemming from it almost in a square. One axon going the other direction.

Question 7

Motor cell

Answer 7

Round soma with many dendrites stemming from various parts of the circle. One myelinated axon that connects to the muscle

Question 8

Sensory cell

Answer 8

Soma between receptor cell and the brain. Axon between receptor cell and soma. All is myelinated.

Question 9

Coarse coding

Answer 9

The activation of broad semantic fields that can include multiple word meanings and a variety of features, including those peripheral to a word’s core meaning. In neuroscience, it is when a single neuron responds to a range of events.

Question 10

Cortical minicolumn

Answer 10

a vertical column through the cortical layers of the brain, comprising perhaps 80–120 neurons. Might be related to extreme localization

Question 11

Hemodynamic response

Answer 11

Allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.

Question 12

Near-infared spectroscopy

Answer 12

NIRS can be used for non-invasive assessment of brain function through the intact skull in human subjects by detecting changes in blood hemoglobin concentrations associated with neural activity, e.g., in branches of cognitive psychology as a partial replacement for fMRI techniques.[9] NIRS can be used on infants, and NIRS is much more portable than fMRI machines, even wireless instrumentation is available, which enables investigations in freely moving subjects.[10][11] However, NIRS cannot fully replace fMRI because it can only be used to scan cortical tissue, where fMRI can be used to measure activation throughout the brain. Special public domain statistical toolboxes for analysis of stand alone and combined NIRS/MRI measurement have been developed[12] (NIRS-SPM).

Question 13

What is BOLD

Answer 13

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent response used in reading fMRIs

Question 14

Marr’s computational level

Answer 14

Where classic cognitive models fall, even if it includes ERP and fMRI evidence.

It is constrained by the goals, the dimensions of the environment and behavior. It’s expressed as an equation.

Question 15

Marr’s process level

Answer 15

Representation and algorithm stage. Converts input and output into a function. Unconstrained because there can be many algorithms to reach the same conclusion. There can be an optimal algorithm, but the brain doesn’t always behave optimally.

Question 16

Marr’s implementation level

Answer 16

Neuroscience. It has massive parameters

Question 17

Appreciative agnosia

Answer 17

Apperceptive agnosia is failure in recognition that is due to a failure of perception.

Question 18

Associate agnosia

Answer 18

associative agnosia is a type of agnosia where perception occurs but recognition still does not occur.

Question 19

How much of the brain in primates is devoted to vision?

Answer 19

50%

Question 20

Vitreous humor

Answer 20

the transparent jellylike tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens.

Question 21

What path

Answer 21

ventral, temporal

Question 22

Where path

Answer 22

dorsal, parietal

Question 23

Calcarin fissure

Answer 23

The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. Its name comes from the Latin “calcar” meaning “spur”.[1] It is a complete sulcus.

Question 24

bi-polar cells

Answer 24

on-off or off-on cells, has to do with how information in the center or periphery of their receptive field affects them

Question 25

edge vs bar detectors

Answer 25

Part of feature detection

Question 26

Template matching

Answer 26

object recognition by forming a template of the object and matching it

Question 27

hypercolumn

Answer 27

A cortical column, also called hypercolumn, macrocolumn, functional column or sometimes cortical module, is a group of neurons in the cortex of the brain that can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields.

Question 28

Feature map

Answer 28

A self-organizing map (SOM) or self-organizing feature map (SOFM) is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) that is trained using unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional (typically two-dimensional), discretized representation of the input space of the training samples, called a map, and is therefore a …

Question 29

Word supereriority effect

Answer 29

In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings

Question 30

Motion parallax

Answer 30

Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us. Learn about motion parallax, depth perception, monocular cues, and more.

Question 31

Steriopsis

Answer 31

Binocular vision

Question 32

Texture gradient

Answer 32

textures that are closer together are seen as closer to us

Question 33

place of articulation

Answer 33

In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of …

Question 34

What happens if an object moves with the retina?

Answer 34

It disappears a bit at a time

Question 35

Recognition by components theory

Answer 35

The recognition-by-components theory, or RBC theory, is a bottom-up process proposed by Irving Biederman in 1987 to explain object recognition. According to RBC theory, we are able to recognize objects by separating them into geons (the object’s main component parts).

Question 36

Geons

Answer 36

are the simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, bricks, wedges, cones, circles and rectangles corresponding to the simple parts of an object in Biederman’s Recognition-by-components theory. The theory proposes that the visual input is matched against structural representations of objects in the brain.

Question 37

Voicing

Answer 37

When a sound causes the vocal cords to vibrate

Question 38

Coarticulation

Answer 38

The process where a new phoneme is being prepared while a previous phoneme is still being uttered which modifies each sound a bit.

Question 39

Fusiform gyrus

Answer 39

Also known as the fusiform face gyrus. It may be particularly useful in fine detailed expertise. also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus, is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37. The fusiform gyrus is located between the lingual gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus above, and the inferior temporal gyrus below.

Question 40

Phoneme restoration effect

Answer 40

Phonemic restoration effect is a perceptual phenomenon where under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard.

Question 41

Categorical perception

Answer 41

Categorical perception (CP) is the phenomenon by which the categories possessed. by an observer influences the observers’ perception. Experimentally, CP is revealed. when an observer’s ability to make perceptual discriminations between things is.

Question 42

Marr’s stages of vision

Answer 42

Marr described vision as proceeding from a two-dimensional visual array (on the retina) to a three-dimensional description of the world as output. His stages of vision include:
a primal sketch of the scene, based on feature extraction of fundamental components of the scene, including edges, regions, etc. Note the similarity in concept to a pencil sketch drawn quickly by an artist as an impression.
a 2.5D sketch of the scene, where textures are acknowledged, etc. Note the similarity in concept to the stage in drawing where an artist highlights or shades areas of a scene, to provide depth.
a 3 D model, where the scene is visualised in a continuous, 3-dimensional map.
2.5D sketch is related to stereopsis, optic flow, and motion parallax. The 2.5D sketch represents that in reality we do not see all of our surroundings but construct the viewer-centered three dimensional view of our environment. 2.5D Sketch is a paraline [clarification needed] drawing and often referred to by its generic term “axonometric” or “isometric” drawing and is often used by modern architects and designers.

Question 43

serial bottleneck

Answer 43

points at which it is no longer possible to continue processing information in parallel

Question 44

early-selection; late-selection theories

Answer 44

where in processing bottlenecks occur.

Question 45

endogenous control

Answer 45

goal directed

Question 46

exogenous control

Answer 46

stimulus driven