cognitive psychology

Question 1

schema

Answer 1

mental structures that guide thinking.
- building blocks of development
- form and change w/ new experiences and predict future events.

Question 2

assimilation

Answer 2

making new info fit with your existing understanding.

Question 3

accommodation

Answer 3

change (modify) one’s understanding to accommodate new info = new schema

Question 4

sensorimotor (birth - 2)

Answer 4

explore world through senses. reflexive responses.

Question 5

object permanence(birth - 2)

Answer 5

objects continue to exist even if you can’t see them

Question 6

preoperational(2 - 6/7)

Answer 6

beginning of language mental representations. (don’t understand conservation)

Question 7

egocentricism (2 - 6/7)

Answer 7

cant look at the world from someone else’s perspective.

Question 8

theory of mind(2 - 6/7)

Answer 8

ability to understand others mental states.

Question 9

concrete operational(7 - 11)

Answer 9

logical thinking

Question 10

conservation(7 - 11)

Answer 10

quantity remains the same even if shape changes.

Question 11

formal operational(12 - adult)

Answer 11

-

Question 12

information processing model

Answer 12

AKA memory

Question 13

sensory memory

Answer 13

split second holding for incoming sensory info(less than a second).

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

part of sensory memory - split second photograph of a scene.

Question 15

echoic memory

Answer 15

brief 3-4 second memory for sound.

Question 16

short term memory/working memory

Answer 16

memories we are currently working with and are aware of in our consciousness.

Question 17

mnemonic devices

Answer 17

memory aids help organize material for later retrieval.

Question 18

long term memory

Answer 18

capacity is limitless

Question 19

implicit memory

Answer 19

procedural memory, motor skills(riding bike) cerebellum

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

memory of facts and experiences. hippocampus

Question 21

retrieval

Answer 21

getting info out

Question 22

retrieval cue

Answer 22

a prompt used to guide memory recall

Question 23

proactive interference

Answer 23

old info in memory distorts new information

Question 24

retroactive interference

Answer 24

learning new info disrupts old info.

Question 25

prototype

Answer 25

mental image of the best example of a category(then you can match items to it). ex: someone talks about flying and you get a mental image of a bird.

Question 26

algorithms

Answer 26

step by step procedure that guarantees solutions

Question 27

heuristic

Answer 27

simple thinking strategy. shortcut to solving problem/not as accurate. ex: If it is raining outside, you should bring an umbrella.

Question 28

insight

Answer 28

a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem.

Question 29

confirmation bias

Answer 29

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradicting evidence.

Question 30

fixation

Answer 30

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.

Question 31

functional fixedness

Answer 31

the tendency to think of things only for their usual use or function. ex: the need to hammer a nail into a piece of wood but not have a hammer to do so. One could make use of other tools, such as a metal wrench, to act in the place of a hammer.

Question 32

availability heuristic

Answer 32

cognitive bias that helps us make fast, but sometimes incorrect assessment. plane crashes can make people afraid of flying.

Question 33

phonemes

Answer 33

smallest units of sound used in language (english has 44)

Question 34

morphemes

Answer 34

smallest unit of meaningful sound, small words like a, an, but or parts of words ed, s/prefixes an- pre-.

Question 35

syntax

Answer 35

words spoken or written in a particular order/different for each language (grammer, rules of writing).

Question 36

mental set

Answer 36

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.