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Psychology 1A > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A lasting change in behaviour that is the result of experience

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2
Q

Priming

A

The enhanced ability to identify objects or words through previous exposure to information related to object

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3
Q

Habituation

A

The decline of an organisms response to a stimuli

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4
Q

Dishabituation

A

increase in response caused by a change in
something familiar

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

when a stimulus evokes
a response because of
being paired with a stimulus
that naturally evokes a response

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Naturally occurring stimulus that evokes a natural response/ unconditioned response (UR)

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Naturally occurring response to a US

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

a stimulus that is original neutral but can be conditioned into producing a response by pairing with a (US)

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

a response to a CS produced by pairing it with a US

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10
Q

Biological preparedness

A

the idea that organisms are biologically predisposed to quickly learning associations between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance

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12
Q

Second order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus serves to condition another stimulus

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13
Q

Extinction

A

decrease of conditioned response when US
is absent over time

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the return of previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

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15
Q

Generalisation gradient

A

The response to a similar stimulant

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16
Q

Backward pairing

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (us) presented before the neutral Stimulus (ns)

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17
Q

Simultaneous pairing

A

Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned Stimulus at the same time

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18
Q

Forward pairing

A

Conditioned stimulus paired before the unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Taste aversion

A

conditioning of an unrelated association to another thing, after bad experience. E.g. being sick after eating food due to unrelated reasons

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20
Q

One trial learning

A

Conditioning usually takes repeated attempts, some things don’t, e.g taste aversion

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21
Q

Cognition

A

mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses

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22
Q

Multi-store model

A

The flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)

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23
Q

Sensory stores

A

Sensory memories are stored for a few seconds at most. They are a short recording of the sensation of the senses

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24
Q

Short-term memory

A

the memory system in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time

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25
Q

Long-term memory

A

Unlimited storage of information for long periods of time

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26
Q

Serial position effect

A

the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series best and the middle items the worst

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27
Q

Primacy effect

A

A cognitive bias.
The tendency to better remember the first piece of information over information received later

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28
Q

Recency effect

A

The tendency to remember the most recently presented information best

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29
Q

Amnesia

A

Significant memory loss

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30
Q

Working memory

A

A cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily

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31
Q

Central executive

A

Responsible for controlled processing in working memory, e.g. directing attention, maintaining task goals, decision making, and memory retrieval

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32
Q

Phonological loop

A

component of working memory that deals with auditory information

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33
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

component of working memory that deals with visual and spatial information

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34
Q

Episodic buffer

A

a temporal storage for information in the working memory

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35
Q

Implicit memory

A

the information that we unintentionally memorise and cannot consciously bring into awareness

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36
Q

Procedure memory

A

an implicit long-term memory that is involved in the performance of different actions and skills (motor skills)

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37
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a certain stimulus influences the response to a subsequent prompt without any awareness of the connection.

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38
Q

Explicit Memory

A

The conscious and intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences and concepts

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39
Q

Semantic memory

A

General world knowledge in our explicit memory, such as concepts and facts.

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40
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory for events in a particular time and place.

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41
Q

Levels of Processing theory

A

The level of attention and perception determine how well information is encoded

42
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

time dependent process by which recent STM is transformed into LTM

43
Q

Transience

A

Accessibility of memory decreases over time

44
Q

Blocking

A

Access to memory information temporarily blocked

45
Q

Cue-dependent forgetting

A

The failure to recall information without memory cues

46
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

the recall of a memory is stronger when the subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed

47
Q

State-dependent memory

A

The phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when the subject is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

48
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

The general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories. Memories are linked to the context in which they are created

49
Q

Errors of commission

A

The adoption of incorrect details into existing memories and the creation of completely new, wholly false, memories.

50
Q

Reconstruction vs Reproduction in memory

A

Reconstructive memory uses stored information to construct a belief about a past experience while reproductive memory stores encoded information to be retrieved at a later time.

51
Q

Source confusion

A

A type of memory error in which a source is misattributed to a different source

52
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

Misattribution of information
An external source is mistaken as internal

53
Q

DRM paradigm

A

A false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words at encoding and after a delay are asked to recall or recognise these words. While doing this they usually additionally name a critical lure word that was not named but is closely related to the words presented

54
Q

Suggestibility

A

tendency to incorporate information provided by others into own recollection of event

55
Q

Reconsolidation

A

the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of a memory

56
Q

Bias

A

Distortion of recollections of previous experiences influenced by present knowledge, beliefs & feelings

57
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviours followed by satisfying effect are more likely to be repeated than behaviours followed by a dissatisfying effect (Thorndike)

58
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement and punishment

59
Q

Reinforcement (Positive and Negative)

A

to increase behaviour
Positive: add something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour
Negative: remove something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour

60
Q

Punishment (Positive and Negative)

A

to decrease behaviour:
Positive: add something to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour
Negative: remove something to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour

61
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

innate and a biological need to motivate a behaviour (basic survival needs)

62
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

things to motivate behaviour that are learned/ conditioned

63
Q

Shaping

A

A method of increasing a targeted behaviour through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation

64
Q

Contingency

A

the extent to which one thing reduces uncertainty about another

65
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

after every behaviour action is reinforced

66
Q

Partial/intermittent reinforcement

A

irregular reinforcement of behaviour

67
Q

Fixed Interval reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals

68
Q

Variable Interval reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals

69
Q

Fixed Ratio reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses

70
Q

Variable Ratio reinforcement

A

Reinforcement delivered after an unpredictable number of responses

71
Q

Latent learning

A

The subconscious learning of information without reinforcement or motivation

72
Q

cognitive maps

A

sub-conscious learning of surrounding environment

73
Q

over-justification effect

A

loss of intrinsic motivation for behaviour that are learned through reinforcement and punishment

74
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others

75
Q

Social learning theory

A

the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling

76
Q

Live models

A

An instructor acting out the behaviour

77
Q

Verbal models

A

Someone explaining the behaviour

78
Q

Symbolic model

A

Real or fictional characters acting out the behaviour

79
Q

Vicarious reinforcement/punishment

A

Certain behaviours increase/decrease as a result of observing others rewarded/punished for the same behaviours

80
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a person’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainments

81
Q

Stereotype threat

A

A social predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group

82
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

two word sentences

83
Q

High amplitude sucking

A

higher sucking in infants at hearing phonemes or sounds that are different or new to them

84
Q

Over regulation

A

A child applies grammatical rules on to non regular words

85
Q

Overextension

A

Refer to superordinate of a category with the word of one of its subordinates

86
Q

Under extension

A

a child does not use a word for enough particular cases.

87
Q

Fast mapping

A

Ability to acquire words rapidly on a basis of minimal information

88
Q

Nativism

A

Humans are born with acquisition device - have an innate universal grammar

89
Q

Social constructivism

A

Learning of language is governed by adults’ positive reinforcement

90
Q

LAD

A

Language Acquisition Device - hypothetical tool in the human brain that lets children learn and understand language quickly (developed by Chomsky)

91
Q

LASS

A

Language acquisition support system - adults and older children have learning devices that interact with childrens LAD

92
Q

Universal grammar

A

the idea that human languages share some fundamental similarities and that these are innate principles unique to language

93
Q

Critical period

A

Period during which child has to be exposed to language

94
Q

Sensitive period

A

period of maximal sensitivity for language acquisition

95
Q

Simultaneous/sequential bilingual

A

Sequential bilingualism: learning first one language and then another
simultaneous: learning two languages at the same time

96
Q

manual babbling

A

A stage in child development for def children learning sign language, mirroring spoken language acquisition

97
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought

98
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

weak version of linguistic determinism, language may affect the way we think and perceive

99
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

a hypothesis first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorisation of experience

100
Q

Frame of reference (relative, absolute, intrinsic)

A

How we perceive the world around us determined by our language
1. Relative to us other objects (English)
2. Absolute to environment, e.g. north, south (Arrernte)
3. intrinsic, defined through relation to another part of an object

Psychology 1A (3 decks)

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