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Foundations in Neuroscience > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Specific episodes in the past

Often autobiographical

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2
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of facts about the world

Derives from episodic memory

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3
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

How to do things e.g. drive a car

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4
Q

What is priming?

A

Exposure to one stimulus influencing response to subsequent stimulus

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5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Pairing of stimuli

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6
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Habituation, sensitisation

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7
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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8
Q

Where do the main inputs to the hippocampus come from?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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9
Q

Where do the main outputs from the hippocampus go?

A

Via the fornix to mammillary bodies

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10
Q

What is the cortico-hippocampal information flow?

A 
Primary sensory cortices
Association cortices
Parahippocampal cortices
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal formation
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11
Q

What is the name of the anatomical connection between the hippocampus and the cortex?

A

Parahippocampal cortex

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12
Q

What symptoms did patient HM show post surgery? What does this imply about which memory types were effected?

A
  1. Memory of past intact - long term memory intact
  2. Can participate in conversation - short term memory intact
  3. Can learn new skills normally - procedural memory intact
  4. Could not form new memories - anterograde amnesia
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13
Q

How can we manipulate the hippocampus in animals to test its role in behaviour?

A

Lesions

Pharmacological inactivation

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14
Q

What does the Morris Water Maze test?

A

Spatial memory

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15
Q

What happens when CA1 cells are infused with muscimol?

A

Blocks spatial memory retrieval

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16
Q

Would blocking NMDA receptors block spatial memory?

A

Yes

17
Q

What is a place cell?

A

Hippocampal pyramidal cell that fires when in a specific location
Creates a cognitive map

18
Q

What is a grandmother cell?

A

A theoretical neuron which represents a single complex concept/object

19
Q

What natural behaviour in rats would you exploit if wanting to test recognition memory?

A

Novel object preferance

20
Q

How do we calculate a discrimination ratio?

A

(Novel - Familiar)/(Novel + Familiar)

21
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for recognition memory?

A

Perirhinal cortex

22
Q

How does reinforcement shape behaviour?

A

Negative reinforcement rapidly reduces response

Positive reinforcement increases response but needs repeated more frequently and numerously

23
Q

What is associative learning?

A

When an association develops between an unconditioned stimulus and an initially neutral stimulus

24
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical - a stimulus comes to predict an outcome

Operant - sees responses, actions, have a causative role (leads to goal directed behaviour)

25
Q

What is the outcome devaluation procedure?

A
  1. Two responses produce different rewarding food outcomes
  2. One food devalued - produces nausea
  3. Rats given the opportunity again to press either lever
  4. A reduced response for the devalued outcome shows goal direction
  5. If press levers equally, responses reflect habit
26
Q

What are the pros and cons of EEG?

A

Pros: very high temporal resolution, can measure the cortex, non-invasive, painless
Cons: low spatial resolution, correlational not causational, potential for false positives

27
Q

How does EEG work?

A

Shows voltage changes between pairs of electrodes

Amplitude depends on how synchronous activity is

28
Q

How does PET work?

A

Positrons (+ve charged electrons) introduced into bloodstream
Interact with electrons to produce photons
Detected by powerful detectors

29
Q

How can PET measure metabolic activity in the brain?

A
  1. Active neurons need more glucose/oxygen
  2. Positron isotope of oxygen attached to 2-deoxyglucose
  3. Taken up by metabolically active neurons
  4. Phosphorylated in neuron, radioactive 2DG accumulates, as does positron emissions
  5. Generates an activity map (not anatomical image)
30
Q

What are the pros and cons of PET?

A

Pros: short scan times, high resolution
Cons: radiation exposure (can’t scan same person many times), expensive

31
Q

How does MRI work?

A

Quantifies hydrogen in water/fat of the brain
H can be low energy or high energy - many exist in each state
MRI uses electromagnetic waves to change H energy states (resonant frequency)
H fall from high state to low state, emitting radio waves that are detected

32
Q

What is the physiological basis of fMRI?

A

As brain activity increases, deoxyhaemoglobin increases
Overcompensation occurs
Oxyhaemoglobin increases more, signal increases and is detected

33
Q

How are MRI readings analysed?

A
  1. Brains morphed to fit standard template
  2. BOLD compared voxel by voxel - t-test for signal intensity for each (mass univariate approach)
  3. Ignores patterns across groups of voxels
  4. Computationally simple but high false positive rate from multiple comparisons (fixed by region of interest analysis)
34
Q

What are the practical difficulties of MRI?

A

Signal to noise ratio is poor - can’t do a single scan
Need multiple activation tasks and continuous scanning
Average all results together

35
Q

What are the pros and cons of MRI?

A

Pros: non-invasive, reasonable amount of anatomical detail, no exogenous ligand
Cons: poor temporal resolution (up to 6 seconds for BOLD to appear)

36
Q

What are the two different TMS methods?

A

Motor evoked potential

Temporary Leisons

37
Q

What is TMS MEP?

A

Can directly stimulate pathway

Priming - anticipation of movement increases TMS effect

38
Q

What are the different temporary lesions TMS can create?

A

Short term - single pulse, 1-2cm2 region disabled for up to 50ms
Medium term - repetitive stimulation (e.g. 5Hz for 10 seconds), longer lasting and wider ranging effects
Offline TMS - ‘intense stimuli’ can impair function for ~45 minutes

39
Q

What are the pros and cons of TMS?

A

Pros: very high temporal resolution, high spatial resolution, causal inferences
Cons: requires detailed hypothesis

Foundations in Neuroscience (6 decks)

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