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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

studies how the brain and other aspects of the
nervous systems are linked to cognitive
processing and, ultimately, to behaviour.

A

COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE

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2
Q

organ in our bodies that most directly controls our
thoughts, emotions, and motivations

A

BRAIN

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3
Q

Referred as the “ SUPREME ORGAN”

A

BRAIN

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4
Q

the basis for our ability to
perceive, adapt to, and interact
with the world around us

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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5
Q

Are structures that perform essential functions for survival and for high level thinking and
feeling.

A

FOREBRAIN, MID-BRAIN, &HIND BRAIN

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6
Q

the brain becomes more highly specialized and the locations and relative positions of the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain change from conception to term.

A

FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

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7
Q

the region of the brain
located toward the top and front of the
brain.

A

FOREBRAIN

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8
Q

includes the cerebral cortex, the
basal ganglia, the limbic system, the
thalamus, and the hypothalamus

A

FOREBRAIN

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9
Q

is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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10
Q

important to emotion,
motivation, memory, and
learning.

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

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11
Q

It is involved in anger and fear.

A

SEPTUM

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12
Q

Plays an important role as
well, especially in anger and aggression.
Central player of fear.

A

AMYGDALA

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13
Q

essential for memory
formation its name came from the Greek word for
“seahorse”, and its approximate
shape

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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14
Q

collections of neurons
crucial to motor function. Dysfunction
of the basal ganglia can result in motor
deficits.

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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15
Q

A
disease that produces loss of
memory function

A

KORSAKOFF’s SYNDROME

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16
Q

acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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17
Q

it is involved in the initiation and regulation of
aggressive behaviours when they are for defense in survival.

A

(HYPOTHALAMUS)
FIGHTING

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18
Q

controls hunger and satiety, ensuring that an individual
consumes enough food for energy and sustenance.

A

(HYPOTHALAMUS) FEEDING

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19
Q

can trigger the fight of light response, coordinating
physiological changes to help an individual respond to perceived
threats.

A

(HYPOTHALAMUS) FLEEING

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20
Q

it plays role in regulating reproductive behaviors and
hormonal changes related to mating.

A

(HYPOTHALAMUS) MATING

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21
Q

has a vital role in functioning of the endocrine system which
regulates of hormones throughout the body.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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22
Q

relays
incoming sensory
information through
groups of neurons
that project to the
appropriate region in the
cortex.

A

THALAMUS

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23
Q

Abnormal changes in the thalamus can lead to perceptual and attention deficits contributing to hallucinations and delusions.

A

SCHIZOPHRENIA

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23
Q

a neurological disorder characterized by
sudden uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often at
unpredictable times.

A

NARCOLEPSY

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24
Q

helps to control eye movement
and coordination.

A

MID BRAIN

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25
Q

a network of neurons essential to regulating
consciousness, including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

A

RETICULAR ACTIVITY
SYSTEM (RAS)

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26
Q

which connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

A

BRAIN STEM

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27
Q

acts as a bridge between the forebrain
(which controls higher cognitive functions) and
the spinal cord.

A

BRAIN STEM

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28
Q

is a critical medical determination used to confirm the
irreversible cessation of all brain functions, including
consciousness and brain stem reflexes

A

BRAIN
DEATH

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29
Q

comprises the medulla oblongata,
the pons, and the cerebellum.

A

HIND BRAIN

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29
Q

located at the point where the spinal
cord enters the skull and connects with
the brain.

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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30
Q

It controls bodily coordination.

A

CEREBELLUM

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31
Q

means
“little brain” in Latin, and is involved in several essential functions

A

CEREBELLUM

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32
Q

is crucial for precise motor control

A

CEREBELLUM

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33
Q

also plays a role in some aspects of
memory, particularly those related to
procedural memory and learned motor
skills.

A

CEREBELLUM

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34
Q
  • a measure of the degree to which neurons interact across multiple scales in a neural system.
  • given humans
    enhanced abilities
A

Neural Complexity

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35
Q

responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality.

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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36
Q

means that the
certain sensory and motor functions
are processed in the one hemisphere
and affect the opposite.

A

(Cerebral Cortex) Contralateral

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37
Q

some sensory
information is processed ipsilaterally,
meaning it is processed on the same side of the body.

A

(Cerebral Cortex)
Ipsilateral

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38
Q

is a dense
aggregate of neural
fibers connecting the two cerebral
hemispheres

A

(Cerebral Cortex)
corpus callosum

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39
Q
  • In the 19th century a country doctor in France treated patients that suffers from aphasia.
  • Dax did not find any cases were speech loss damage solely from the
    right hemisphere.
A

MARC DAX

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40
Q

Loss of speech due to brain damage.

A

APHASIA

41
Q

In 1981, a French scientist conducted an autopsy on aphasic patient
who had a lesion in the left hemisphere

A

PAUL BROCA

42
Q

By 1864, he was convinced that the left hemisphere of the brain has
a vital role in speech

A

PAUL BROCA

43
Q

Identified a distinct area of the brain, now called Wernicke’s area,
which is responsible for language comprehension.

A

CARL WERNICKE

43
Q

He identified a specific area in the left hemisphere, now known as
Broca’s area, which is associated with speech production.

A

PAUL BROCA

44
Q

A German Neurologist conducted research on language-deficient
patients who could speak but made no sense.

A

CARL WERNICKE

45
Q

Father of neuropsychology.

A

KARL SPENCER LASHLEY

46
Q

He conducted experiments where electrodes were implanted in the
Brain in what seemed to be identical locations.

A

KARL SPENCER LASHLEY

47
Q

Nobel Prize winning award psychologist

A

ROBERT SPERRY

48
Q

Argued that each hemisphere of the brain behaves in many respects like a
separate brain.

A

ROBERT SPERRY

49
Q

In a classic experiment, Sperry and his colleagues severed the corpus
callosum, which connects the two hemispheres in cats and monkeys.

A

ROBERT SPERRY

50
Q

patients
who have undergone an
operation severing the corpus callosum.

A

SPLIT BRAIN

51
Q

toward the front of the brain, is associated
with motor processing and higher thought
processes, such as abstract reasoning,
problem solving, planning, and judgment.

A

FRONTAL LOBE

52
Q

is involved in complex motor control and tasks
that require integration of information over
time.

A

PREFONTAL CORTEX

53
Q

specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement, particularly
of movement involving any kind of delayed response.

A

primary motor cortex

54
Q

If your motor cortex were electrically stimulated, you would react by moving a
corresponding body part. The nature of the movement would depend on where
in the motor cortex your brain had been stimulated.

A

primary motor cortex

55
Q

Control of the various kinds of body movements is located contralaterally on
the primary motor cortex.

A

primary motor cortex

56
Q

located at the upper
back portion of the
brain, is associated
with somatosensory
processing.

A

PARIETAL LOBE

57
Q

receives information from the senses, about pressure, texture, temperature,
and pain. It is located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex.

A

primary somatosensory cortex

58
Q

also helps you perceive space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying (Culham, 2003;
Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).

A

parietal lobe

59
Q

located below the parietal
lobe, directly under your
temples. It is associated
with auditory processing
and comprehending
language.

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

60
Q

contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to
analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color,
motion, location, and form (Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

61
Q

are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing
occurs. These areas are referred to as projection areas because the nerves
contain sensory information going to (projecting to) the thalamus.

A

Projection areas

62
Q

primarily in the occipital lobe. Some neural fibers
carrying visual information travel ipsilaterally from the left eye to the left
cerebral hemisphere and from the right eye to the right cerebral
hemisphere.

A

visual cortex

63
Q

refers to the front part of the brain

A

Rostral

64
Q

Ventral

A

refers to the bottom
surface of the body/brain (the
side of the stomach).

65
Q

literally means “tail”
and refers to the back part of the
body/brain.

A

Caudal

66
Q

refers to the upside of the brain

A

Dorsal

67
Q

Individual neural cells, transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous
system (Carlson, 2006; Shepherd, 2004).

A

neurons

68
Q

contains the nucleus of the cell (the center portion that performs
metabolic and reproductive functions for the cell).

A

SOMA

69
Q

It is responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.

A

SOMA

70
Q

are branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

A

DENDRITES

71
Q

is a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the
soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus
(end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.

A

AXON

72
Q

is a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous
system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.

A

MYELIN

73
Q

are small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which
increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals, also called action potentials, which are then conducted down the axon.

A

NODES OF RANVIER

74
Q

are small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron. Rather, there is a small
gap, the synapse.

A

TERMINAL BUTTONS

75
Q

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons
and the dendrites

A

SYNAPSE

76
Q

are chemical messengers that transmit information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron (von Bohlen und Halbach
& Dermietzel, 2006).

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

77
Q

associated with memory functions, it also plays an important role
in sleep and arousal.

A

Acetylcholine

78
Q

associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination, and
also is involved in motivational processes, such as reward and reinforcement

A

Dopamine

79
Q

plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation.

A

Serotonin

80
Q

Postmortem studies and brain dissections have been done for centuries. Even in
the twenty-first century, researchers often use dissection to study the relation
between the brain and behavior.

A

POSTMORTEM STUDIES

80
Q
  • The case of Phineas Gage
  • Broca’s famous patient, Tan.
  • Victims of Alzheimer’s Disease
A

POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION

81
Q

To obtain singlecell recordings, researchers insert a thin electrode next to a single neuron in the brain of
an animal (usually a monkey or cat). They then record the changes in electrical activity
that occur in the cell when the animal is exposed to a stimulus.

A

VIVO TECHNIQUES

82
Q

The brain transmits signals through electrical
potentials. When recorded, this activity
appears as waves of various widths
(frequencies) and heights (intensities).

A

ELECTRAL RECORDINGS

83
Q

are
recordings of the electrical frequencies and
intensities of the living brain, typically
recorded over relatively long periods (Picton
& Mazaheri, 2003).

A

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

84
Q

is the record of a small change in the
brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event.

A

event-related potential (ERP)

85
Q

provide
good information about the time course of task-related brain activity.

A

event-related potential (ERP)

85
Q

rotating scans produce a three dimensional view of brain structures

A

CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan

86
Q

Highlights the
blood vessel of the brain.

A

Brain Angiogram

87
Q

rotating series, shows a clearer three-dimensional picture of brain structures than CT Scan.

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan

88
Q

Provides images of
the brain size and shape.

A

Structural(MRI)

88
Q

photographs a
brain show different metabolic
processes during different activities.

A

PET (Positron Emission
Tomography) Scan

89
Q

Visualize the parts of
the brain that are activities when a
person is engage in a particular
task.

A

Functional (MRI)

89
Q

temporarily disrupts normal
brain activity to investigate cognitive
functioning when particular areas are
disrupted.

A

TMS ( Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation)

90
Q

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity. It may be used to examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stroke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment.

A

fMRI

91
Q

An analysis determines which areas
are responsible for performance of a
particular task above and beyond
the more general activity.

A

Subtraction Method

91
Q

rely
on changes that the place within
brain as a result of increased
consumption of glucose and oxygen
in active areas of the brain.

A

Metabolic Imaging techniques

92
Q

Vascular disorder is a brain disorder
caused by a stroke.

A

STROKE

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (1 decks)

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