COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards
studies how the brain and other aspects of the
nervous systems are linked to cognitive
processing and, ultimately, to behaviour.
COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE
organ in our bodies that most directly controls our
thoughts, emotions, and motivations
BRAIN
Referred as the “ SUPREME ORGAN”
BRAIN
the basis for our ability to
perceive, adapt to, and interact
with the world around us
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Are structures that perform essential functions for survival and for high level thinking and
feeling.
FOREBRAIN, MID-BRAIN, &HIND BRAIN
the brain becomes more highly specialized and the locations and relative positions of the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain change from conception to term.
FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
the region of the brain
located toward the top and front of the
brain.
FOREBRAIN
includes the cerebral cortex, the
basal ganglia, the limbic system, the
thalamus, and the hypothalamus
FOREBRAIN
is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
important to emotion,
motivation, memory, and
learning.
LIMBIC SYSTEM
It is involved in anger and fear.
SEPTUM
Plays an important role as
well, especially in anger and aggression.
Central player of fear.
AMYGDALA
essential for memory
formation its name came from the Greek word for
“seahorse”, and its approximate
shape
HIPPOCAMPUS
collections of neurons
crucial to motor function. Dysfunction
of the basal ganglia can result in motor
deficits.
BASAL GANGLIA
A
disease that produces loss of
memory function
KORSAKOFF’s SYNDROME
acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones.
HYPOTHALAMUS
it is involved in the initiation and regulation of
aggressive behaviours when they are for defense in survival.
(HYPOTHALAMUS)
FIGHTING
controls hunger and satiety, ensuring that an individual
consumes enough food for energy and sustenance.
(HYPOTHALAMUS) FEEDING
can trigger the fight of light response, coordinating
physiological changes to help an individual respond to perceived
threats.
(HYPOTHALAMUS) FLEEING
it plays role in regulating reproductive behaviors and
hormonal changes related to mating.
(HYPOTHALAMUS) MATING
has a vital role in functioning of the endocrine system which
regulates of hormones throughout the body.
HYPOTHALAMUS
relays
incoming sensory
information through
groups of neurons
that project to the
appropriate region in the
cortex.
THALAMUS
Abnormal changes in the thalamus can lead to perceptual and attention deficits contributing to hallucinations and delusions.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
a neurological disorder characterized by
sudden uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often at
unpredictable times.
NARCOLEPSY
helps to control eye movement
and coordination.
MID BRAIN
a network of neurons essential to regulating
consciousness, including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing
RETICULAR ACTIVITY
SYSTEM (RAS)
which connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.
BRAIN STEM
acts as a bridge between the forebrain
(which controls higher cognitive functions) and
the spinal cord.
BRAIN STEM
is a critical medical determination used to confirm the
irreversible cessation of all brain functions, including
consciousness and brain stem reflexes
BRAIN
DEATH
comprises the medulla oblongata,
the pons, and the cerebellum.
HIND BRAIN
located at the point where the spinal
cord enters the skull and connects with
the brain.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
It controls bodily coordination.
CEREBELLUM
means
“little brain” in Latin, and is involved in several essential functions
CEREBELLUM
is crucial for precise motor control
CEREBELLUM
also plays a role in some aspects of
memory, particularly those related to
procedural memory and learned motor
skills.
CEREBELLUM
- a measure of the degree to which neurons interact across multiple scales in a neural system.
- given humans
enhanced abilities
Neural Complexity
responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
means that the
certain sensory and motor functions
are processed in the one hemisphere
and affect the opposite.
(Cerebral Cortex) Contralateral
some sensory
information is processed ipsilaterally,
meaning it is processed on the same side of the body.
(Cerebral Cortex)
Ipsilateral
is a dense
aggregate of neural
fibers connecting the two cerebral
hemispheres
(Cerebral Cortex)
corpus callosum
- In the 19th century a country doctor in France treated patients that suffers from aphasia.
- Dax did not find any cases were speech loss damage solely from the
right hemisphere.
MARC DAX
Loss of speech due to brain damage.
APHASIA
In 1981, a French scientist conducted an autopsy on aphasic patient
who had a lesion in the left hemisphere
PAUL BROCA
By 1864, he was convinced that the left hemisphere of the brain has
a vital role in speech
PAUL BROCA
Identified a distinct area of the brain, now called Wernicke’s area,
which is responsible for language comprehension.
CARL WERNICKE
He identified a specific area in the left hemisphere, now known as
Broca’s area, which is associated with speech production.
PAUL BROCA
A German Neurologist conducted research on language-deficient
patients who could speak but made no sense.
CARL WERNICKE
Father of neuropsychology.
KARL SPENCER LASHLEY
He conducted experiments where electrodes were implanted in the
Brain in what seemed to be identical locations.
KARL SPENCER LASHLEY
Nobel Prize winning award psychologist
ROBERT SPERRY
Argued that each hemisphere of the brain behaves in many respects like a
separate brain.
ROBERT SPERRY
In a classic experiment, Sperry and his colleagues severed the corpus
callosum, which connects the two hemispheres in cats and monkeys.
ROBERT SPERRY
patients
who have undergone an
operation severing the corpus callosum.
SPLIT BRAIN
toward the front of the brain, is associated
with motor processing and higher thought
processes, such as abstract reasoning,
problem solving, planning, and judgment.
FRONTAL LOBE
is involved in complex motor control and tasks
that require integration of information over
time.
PREFONTAL CORTEX
specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement, particularly
of movement involving any kind of delayed response.
primary motor cortex
If your motor cortex were electrically stimulated, you would react by moving a
corresponding body part. The nature of the movement would depend on where
in the motor cortex your brain had been stimulated.
primary motor cortex
Control of the various kinds of body movements is located contralaterally on
the primary motor cortex.
primary motor cortex
located at the upper
back portion of the
brain, is associated
with somatosensory
processing.
PARIETAL LOBE
receives information from the senses, about pressure, texture, temperature,
and pain. It is located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex.
primary somatosensory cortex
also helps you perceive space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying (Culham, 2003;
Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).
parietal lobe
located below the parietal
lobe, directly under your
temples. It is associated
with auditory processing
and comprehending
language.
TEMPORAL LOBE
contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to
analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color,
motion, location, and form (Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2013).
OCCIPITAL LOBE
are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing
occurs. These areas are referred to as projection areas because the nerves
contain sensory information going to (projecting to) the thalamus.
Projection areas
primarily in the occipital lobe. Some neural fibers
carrying visual information travel ipsilaterally from the left eye to the left
cerebral hemisphere and from the right eye to the right cerebral
hemisphere.
visual cortex
refers to the front part of the brain
Rostral
Ventral
refers to the bottom
surface of the body/brain (the
side of the stomach).
literally means “tail”
and refers to the back part of the
body/brain.
Caudal
refers to the upside of the brain
Dorsal
Individual neural cells, transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous
system (Carlson, 2006; Shepherd, 2004).
neurons
contains the nucleus of the cell (the center portion that performs
metabolic and reproductive functions for the cell).
SOMA
It is responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.
SOMA
are branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.
DENDRITES
is a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the
soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus
(end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.
AXON
is a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous
system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.
MYELIN
are small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which
increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals, also called action potentials, which are then conducted down the axon.
NODES OF RANVIER
are small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron. Rather, there is a small
gap, the synapse.
TERMINAL BUTTONS
serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons
and the dendrites
SYNAPSE
are chemical messengers that transmit information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron (von Bohlen und Halbach
& Dermietzel, 2006).
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
associated with memory functions, it also plays an important role
in sleep and arousal.
Acetylcholine
associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination, and
also is involved in motivational processes, such as reward and reinforcement
Dopamine
plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation.
Serotonin
Postmortem studies and brain dissections have been done for centuries. Even in
the twenty-first century, researchers often use dissection to study the relation
between the brain and behavior.
POSTMORTEM STUDIES
- The case of Phineas Gage
- Broca’s famous patient, Tan.
- Victims of Alzheimer’s Disease
POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION
To obtain singlecell recordings, researchers insert a thin electrode next to a single neuron in the brain of
an animal (usually a monkey or cat). They then record the changes in electrical activity
that occur in the cell when the animal is exposed to a stimulus.
VIVO TECHNIQUES
The brain transmits signals through electrical
potentials. When recorded, this activity
appears as waves of various widths
(frequencies) and heights (intensities).
ELECTRAL RECORDINGS
are
recordings of the electrical frequencies and
intensities of the living brain, typically
recorded over relatively long periods (Picton
& Mazaheri, 2003).
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
is the record of a small change in the
brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event.
event-related potential (ERP)
provide
good information about the time course of task-related brain activity.
event-related potential (ERP)
rotating scans produce a three dimensional view of brain structures
CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan
Highlights the
blood vessel of the brain.
Brain Angiogram
rotating series, shows a clearer three-dimensional picture of brain structures than CT Scan.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan
Provides images of
the brain size and shape.
Structural(MRI)
photographs a
brain show different metabolic
processes during different activities.
PET (Positron Emission
Tomography) Scan
Visualize the parts of
the brain that are activities when a
person is engage in a particular
task.
Functional (MRI)
temporarily disrupts normal
brain activity to investigate cognitive
functioning when particular areas are
disrupted.
TMS ( Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation)
measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity. It may be used to examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stroke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment.
fMRI
An analysis determines which areas
are responsible for performance of a
particular task above and beyond
the more general activity.
Subtraction Method
rely
on changes that the place within
brain as a result of increased
consumption of glucose and oxygen
in active areas of the brain.
Metabolic Imaging techniques
Vascular disorder is a brain disorder
caused by a stroke.
STROKE
