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PSYCH203: Cognitive Neuroscience > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Non-fluent, expressive aphasia that causes problems with speech production (but not comprehension)

A

Broca’s aphasia

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2
Q

Fluent aphasia that causes disordered speech and problems with language comprehension

A

Werknicke’s aphasia

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3
Q

What is the purpose of synaptic pruning and at when does it occur?

A

The purpose is to make neural transmission more specific and efficient - the 2 major periods of synaptic pruning occurs at around/after age 5 and after adolescence

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4
Q

Location of and function of motor cortex

A

Located in precentral gyrus and is involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.

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5
Q

Location and function of somatosensory cortex

A

Located in postcentral gyrus and process sensory information from the body

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6
Q

Define functional specialisation

A

different areas of the brain have different functions (specialisation of neuron’s in particular brain regions)

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7
Q

Which neuroimaging techniques are considered invasive?

A

Positron emitting tomography (PET) and single-cell recordings

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of episodic memory?

A

Recollection - re-experiencing past events (remembering)

Familiarity - stimulus is recognised but there is no information about the context of the experience (knowing)

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9
Q

What is the saphir-wolf hypothesis?

A

A theory relating to verbal codes that states that language shapes thought

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10
Q

How do neurons communicate electrically?

A

Information is conducted within the neuron through the movement of ions in and out of the cell

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11
Q

How do neurons communicate chemically?

A

Information is communicated between neurons through chemical signals via neurotransmitters

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12
Q

What is the resting charge of a neuron?

A

-70mV

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13
Q

What is the excitation threshold for neural firing?

A

-55mV

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14
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The area of the neuron where an action potential is created (trigger zone)

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15
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When the cell becomes less negative making it more likely for an action potential

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16
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Inside of the cell becomes temporarily more negative which inhibits action potential

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17
Q

Why are voltage-gated ion channels important and where are they found?

A

They are only found in axons and are important in generating action potentials by letting ions in and out of cell

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18
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

When there are enough graded potentials to cross the excitation threshold, the cell depolarises with voltage-gated channels allowing Na+ into cell, then reploarises by allowing K+ out

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19
Q

What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist?

A

Agnostic drug is excitatory and mimics effect of neurotransmitter - antagonist is inhibitory and blocks neurotransmitter

20
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

gray matter is made up of cell bodies and dendrites and white matter is made up of axons and glial cells

21
Q

Dorsal/superior view is…

A

from the top of brain

22
Q

Ventral inferior view of brain…

A

bottom

23
Q

Anterior/rostral view of brain..

A

front

24
Q

Posterior/caudal view of brain…

A

back

25
Q

Transverse plane/coronal view of brain..

A

Sliced in half from front to back

26
Q

Sagittal view of brain…

A

Side view/sliced in half side to side

27
Q

Axial view…

A

Horizontal/sliced in half top to bottom

28
Q

What is contralateral?

A

Processing of information from/to body occurs on opposite side of brain

29
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Processing occurs on the same side of the brain

30
Q

Basal ganglia are involved in…

A

Voluntary movement, reward and skill learning and habit formation

31
Q

Limbic system is involved in…

A

relating to past and present environment, and emotional processing

32
Q

Diencephalon includes…

A

Thalamus - relay centre - and hypothalamus - regulation

33
Q

For EEG, neurons need to be…

A

oriented in the same direction (open field) and firing in synchrony

34
Q

Event related potential’s (ERP’s) are…

A

the average amount of voltage change on the scalp linked to particular timing of events such as stimulus and response

35
Q

Which brain measures/imaging techniques have the best temporal resolution?

A

electrophysiological techniques - e.g., EEG, ERP

36
Q

Which brain measures/imaging techniques have the best spatial resolution?

A

functional imaging techniques - e.g., MRI, fMRI

37
Q

What are the 2 types of EEG measurement?

A

Bipolar - comparing voltage difference between within pairs of electrodes across entire scalp

Monopolar - comparing voltage difference between each electrode and neutral reference point

38
Q

What would steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) be used for?

A

Psychophysical methods, such as measuring absolute thresholds, contrast sensitivity and acuity relating to visual stimulation

39
Q

What is the purpose of Transient Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)?

A

To gather information on time course of visual processing by showing visual stimuli at a slow rate many times

40
Q

What is the N400 EEG component related to?

A

Used to investigate semantic processing (such as semantic incongruity)

41
Q

What is stereotactic normalisation?

A

Remapping brain onto standard brain to account for individual differences in order to make comparisons

42
Q

What are the three stages of the haemodynamic response function?

A
43
Q

fractionation assumption

A
44
Q

transparency assumption

A
45
Q

universality assumption

A

PSYCH203: Cognitive Neuroscience (1 decks)

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