Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHS Psychology > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is one of the hallmarks of human behaviour, differentiating it from that of animals?

A
  • animals’ behaviour is reflexive while humans’ behaviour is goal-driven, adaptive and context dependent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage and how did it affect his behaviour?

A
  • A tamping pole impaled his skull and took out a portion of the frontal part of his brian
  • his personality changed - became rude, fitful, impatient, and unable to execute pre-planned behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)?

A

a task involving cards with different properties (shape, colour, number,)
ps had to sort the card by one relevant property
they have to figure out the relevant property using the feedback (correct/incorrect)
then the property changes and they have to figure it out again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What skills does the WCST involve?

A

learning rules, task switching, inhibition (of previous rules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is are the recency and self-ordered pointing tasks?

A

Recency - presented images and have to state which one appeared most recently
Self-ordered pointing - have 8/some images on a page and have to point at each of them in whatever order without going back on yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Milner/Milner and Petrides conclude from the WCST, recency task and self-ordered pointing task?

A

that ps with frontal resections had problems with recency judgements, planning, self-generated action, and made preservation errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what area do lesions lead to normal performance in lab tasks but serious issues in the real world? Which case-study provides evidence of this?

A

the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Case study: EVR (Eslinger and Damasio, 1985)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were EVR’s symptoms?

A
  • normal on cognitive tests e.g. WCST and recency/freq judgements
  • able to comment with wit on daily events
  • poor financial decisions
  • consumed in deliberation over inconsequential things
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are imitation and utilisation behaviours and who studied them?

A

imitation: voluntarily imitating behaviours of experimenter despite not being asked to and after being asked to stop
precedes utilisation behaviour
utilisation: kinda like affordances, excessive reliance on cues from the environment
Lhermitte studied them (1985)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of executive control? (5)

A 
planning 
goal setting
task switching
conflict monitoring and resolving 
response inhibition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 functions that can be considered as part of executive control, but can also be considered separately?

A

working memory

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Tower of London task? What executive function does it test? What is its non-lab-based equivalent?

A

A task where you are given a set of objects in a particular configuration and are given a desired endstate
have to get it from initial state to end state
tests planning
multiple-errands - given a list of tasks to do e.g. getting items for a shop with a budget, gathering information etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What task did Jersild formulate, how does it work, and what executive function does it test?

A

Mental set and shift task
Number/letter combination presented
had to classify as odd/even or vowel/consonant
task changed every 2 trials and cued by location of combination
on switch trials, response time was much higher
tests task switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Stroop task and what executive function does it test?

A

Colour naming task
Have to name colours as colour blocks or as words describing other colours
slower to name words describing colours than colour blocks
tests conflict monitoring and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the stop-signal task and what function does it test?

A

a task in which participants are presented with a fixation signal and then presented with a go signal/a go signal followed by a stop signal and then either inhibit their response, or continue as it is too late to stop
tests reponse inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Supervisory Attention System and who was it devised by?

A

Theory of how executive function guides behaviour
states that our behaviour runs automatically through schemas most of the time but control functions interfere in special situations
Normal and Shallice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three levels of performance in the Supervisory Attention System and how do they work?

A

Automatic - normal functioning, happening most of the time using motor schemas
Contention Scheduling - selects from competing action schemas
Deliberate Conscious Control - biases selection process of previous system when actions are: ill-learned, novel, critical, dangerous or require planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which situations does the Supervisory Attention System dictate behaviour?

A 
When...
- action is ill-learned
- situations are difficult/dangerous 
- to overcome habits/temptation
- during planning/decision making/
troubleshooting
- novel situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which situations does the Supervisory Attention System dictate behaviour?

A 
When...
- action is ill-learned
- situations are difficult/dangerous 
- to overcome habits/temptation
- during planning/decision making/
troubleshooting
- novel situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the model suggested by Miller and Cohen?

A

a model of executive control in which top-down, control-related biasing signals enable temporary networks of associations based on task context between sensory inputs, internal states and response outputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do Braem and Egnar suggest should be taken into more consideration?

A

Increased links between control mechanisms and other, more primal learning mechanisms such as reinforcement learning in an integrated network
control mechanisms modified by sensory/motor signals + contingencies in the task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What areas are involved in the multiple-demand system put forward by Duncan?

A
  • pre-supplementary motor area (SMA)
  • anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • inferor frontal sulcus (IFS)
  • intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
  • rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC)
  • AI/FO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How did Duncan suggest that the multiple-demand system wprks?

A

a common engagement of a core network of areas in executive function
a core set of regions that are important in breaking down a task/problem into constituent pieces and planning action
does something fundamental; implicated in many EF tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the premise of hierarchical control models?

A

a cascade of control functions based on increasingly abstract information
caudal to rostral (back to front) organisation of the PFC - gets more abstract as you go forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Rushworth et al’s approach to mapping executive function?

A

mapping the connections between the PFC and other functionally specialised areas of primate brains in an attempt to understand which areas are associated with which capabilities
trying to find analogies with humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What sources of information inform perception?

A

Sensation

Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the nature of perception?

A

Limited, adaptive, focused

takes in a fraction of what happens in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the limits of perception and what evidence do we have for them?

A 
Change blindness (Skoda advert)
Inattentional blindness (extended gorilla demo)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the real-life implications of these perceptual limitations?

A

Greig, Higham and Nobre study (2014)
similar to gorilla video but done in an ER with resuscitation paradigm
changed certain features - some were negligible, some were instrumental to patient’s survival
tested novices, doctors, and people who train on resuscitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the benefits of our attention system?

A

Ability to identify and recognise complex patterns according to task goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the better reasons for our limited perception capacity?

A
  • Concurrent processing in networks
  • Distributed processing in assemblies
  • Competitive processing in neurons
  • Requires selection and integration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do concurrent processing and functional specialisation explain our limited perception?

A

Makes it difficult to put objects back together in the right way in their correct context (binding problem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the main properties that William James assigns to attention?

A
  • a process
  • about prioritisation and selection
  • 1 item chosen
  • operates on internal mental landscape
  • involves focusing and inhibiting
  • for guiding adaptive behaviour
  • essential for healthy cognition
  • proactive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the contemporary definition of attention?

A

psychological and neural functions for prioritisation and selection of information to guide adaptive behaviour (based on task goals/evolutionary prompts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the contemporary definition of attention mean in practice?

A

It means attention can be measured by measuring the difference in processing of an item depending on its importanc/relevance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the properties of the standard neural model of attention?

A

Focuses on…

  • visual modality, assuming that principles generalise to others
  • modulation of sensory processing based on receptive field properties (spatial and object-related features)
  • top-down signals in STM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In what ways is attention broader than the standard model?

A

top-down signals originate from many time-scales incl. LTM
modulation isn’t just done by RF properties, also based on temporal expectations/higher order attributes e.g. meaning/social constructs
prioritisation and information selection also happens in the memory scape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What did Helmholtz’ spatial orientation task show?

A

The limits of perception and that we can focus at will to items across space to enhance perceptual pick up even without eyeball movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What task did Triesman develop and what did she suggest based on it?

A

Visual search task
suggested that feature integration was a stumbling block
spatial attention becomes necessary to bind features into object-defining conjunctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What task did Posner develop and what did it aim to understand?

A

visual-spatial orienting task
investigate how we move attention to spatial locations according to endogenous (internal, controlled, voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary, automatic) factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What have early theoretical dichotomies surrounding attention developed into?

A

Theoretical pluralities
attentional modulation can happen at many processing stages, not just early or late
attentional modulation can be based on different attributes e.g. locations, objects, features within objects and locations, temporal intervals, associations and higher-order constructs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What were the early ideas about neural control of attention?

A

‘orienting’ ourselves towards stimuli
Descartes - voluntary orienting by shifting pineal gland
Pavlov and Sokolov - involuntary orienting response toward inherently salient stimuli, sensory receptors are positioned towards stimulus
mediated by increased cortical excitability in brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do we know about hemispatial neglect?

A

Lack of awareness for sensory events located towards the contralesional side of space and a loss of orienting behaviours, exploratory search etc
not a perceptual deficit - they can see, just don’t pay attention
object-based representations also matter (won’t acknowledge the left side of objects even if they do the left side of the page)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the cortical epicenters assocated with orienting attention?

A

Parietal - representation
Frontal - exploration
Cingulate - motivation (apathy/reward related signals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why might the TPJ (temporoparietal junction) be so important in regulating attention?

A

Because the white matter connections for a lot of the areas associated with this network are located there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What cortical areas are associated with attention?

A 
Dorsal frontoparietal network
Frontal eye fields
post-central gyrus
striatum pulvinar
cingulate cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What other networks is the attention network similar to?

A

the one for controlling eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What area of the brain suggests a similarity between eye movements and orienting attention?

A

Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP) - important for eye movements
LIP neurons show modulation according to task relevance, can have memory and motor related activity orienting attention is similar to orienting eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What did Buschman and Miller (2007) find and what does it suggest?

A

when sensory information drives selection, LIP becomes sensitive first and then frontal areas
when memory drives selection, dorsolateral PFC becomes sensitive first
suggests that dynamics of attentional control are flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do microstimulation studies show?

A

that stimulation of FEF and then recording from cells in V4 showed that there is a change in firing rate in V4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What can oscillations tell us about top-down control and coordination?

A

changes in oscillations can change which neuronal populations talk to each other and which features are integrated
if you record LFPs (local field potentials) along with firing rates there seems to be a pattern of oscillation with a frequency
if a number of regions are oscillating at the same frequency, activity in those regions will be changing at the same time
top down regions can exercise control in this way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the biased competition model?

A

suggests that competitive interactions between objects (or features) for neuronal outputs is biased through both bottom up and top down mechanisms
attention guides the integration of objects in a self-reinforcing way, overcoming binding problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do ERPs suggest about attention?

A

the same stimulus in the same location can elicit a different response based on relevance
attention is active early on and can be modulated
difficult to measure information in V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What do brain imaging studies tell us?

A

modulation of visual processing in multiple areas including V1
although we can see modulation at early stages, that doesn’t mean that it starts in V1 because fMRIs have a lag, could be due to later feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what do primate studies reveal?

A

single cell recordings in primates reveal show that features from irrelevant items are filtered out of receptive fields V2, V4, IT but V1 RFs are too small to record from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the patterns in high-frequenct oscillation?

A

lot more high frequency oscillation when attending information than when not
spikes coincide with troughs which causes synchronisation and creates a burst which prioritises a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what evidence is there for top-down control of attention in ERPs?

A

Chelazzi et al.
neurons that were attuned to a particular stimulus showed elevated baseline activity during the anticipatory period
could provide evidence for top-down activation which provides a competitive advantage to coding of these locations/objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what has multivoxel pattern analysis shown about attentional control in humans?

A

pre-activation of stimulus representations during anticipatory attention
attention can lead to pre-activation of the same neuronal assemblies that code for perception of the same stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What have we learnt about temporal expectations and attention?

A

they can modulate activity in STM to guide adaptive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How did Hebb suggest that long and short term memory could be supported in the brain?

A

STM - reverberation in cell assemblies

LTM - synaptic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What did Sperling (1960) find about the capacity of iconic memory and STM?

A

Increased input led to increased memory until 4 items after which it plateaued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What did Sperling find out about the effect of cues?

A

When people were cued to information in a particular row, their recall was much better
this was mediated by the time when the cue was delivered
when the cue was immediate, recall was almost 100%
when the cue was a second later, performance was as bad as if there hadn’t been a cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is iconic memory and what is the difference between that and STM?

A

Iconic memory - the visual version of echoic memory, the immediate retention of things in the visual field, before you’re even cognitively aware of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson conclude from their study about decay in STM?

A

The longer the gap between stimulus presentation and recall, the more likely the STM is to decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

In which two ways can the serial position curve/effect interpreted?

A
  1. LTM vs STM - first items in the list are retained as they’ve moved into LTM (primacy), last ones are retained because they’re still in STM (recency)
  2. first items protected as they aren’t affected by proactive interference, last items are protected as they aren’t affected by retroactive interference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What did Milner show in her study of HM? What more evidence was needed?

A

That STM memory and retention of information could be preserved even if LTM was gone
A double dissociation - evidence that LTM could be spared while STM was gone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How was a double dissoction established by Shallice and Warrington?
What were its limitations?

A

Case study of KF - had ‘normal’ LTM but limited STM

The STM and LTM tasks that they used to establish the dissociation were very different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What was the distinction that Atkinson and Shiffrin made between STM and LTM?

A

STM is a temporary activation of LTM
doesn’t have to be in a different area of the brain, can be the same area but functions differently depending on context/activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What did Baddeley and Hitch borrow for their Working Memory Model?

A

they borrowed the Supervisory Attention System to explain the action of the Central Executive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the purpose of the Episodic Buffer?

A

To store and compartmentalise memories into episodes so that we have a cohesive experience
Limited capacity store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What did precision tasks aim to ascertain and what did they find?

A

whether people are actually retrieving things or whether they are just guessing
the more information people are presented with, the more they guess
concluded that people weren’t completely guessing, information was eroding and could be broken down into slots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the relationship between attention and memory?

A

memory provides information and attention selects and prioritises to guide adaptive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How can research into delay cells tell us more about Hebb’s theory of reverberation in cell assemblies?

A

Some cells aren’t active in response to a stimulus, but are active during the delay before recall
maybe this sustained firing is a pneumonic trace
could be representing the stimulus/controlling its representation elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the evidence against delay activity’s importance in memory?

A

studies have found it isn’t necessary for memory in animals
activity related to encoding can be kept, inactive in the mind and then be reactivated when needed (Watanabe and Funahashi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is short-term synaptic plasticity?

A

cell assemblies of interconnected networks can be changed
short-term plasticity can create a pattern of activity related to a relevant stimulus
later on, if activity affects a few of these cells, just because of the changes in connection, it will elicit the original pattern

OR
Changing synaptic weight in short term memory
When memory comes through it changes the state of the network
Synaptic weight of neurons on that network changes in a way to represent that memory
It holds that info in the silent state and then when you need it, it gets signal and bubbles back up and is recalled
Network is changed in a temporary state
2 cells that are connected have different weighting

75
Q

What are the limitations of the delay activity theory?

A

Metabolically costly to have to keep information alive by continuous firing
things can be kept in mined without delay activity
it creates a static representation which may not always be useful

76
Q

What are the dissocations in PFC activity for working memory in animals?

A

Dorsolateral pfc - maintaining spatial information to guideWhat are the dissocations in PFC activity for working memory in animals? action
Ventrolateral pfc - maintaining object based information for identity

77
Q

What are the dissocations in PFC activity for working memory in humans?

A

Dorsolateral - higher order manipulation/monitoring of information
ventro - active judgements, programming responses based on info retrieved from LTM

78
Q

How does the nature of the stimulus affect activity in the brain?

A 
words/verbal = more activation in left inferior frontal areas
textures/non-verbal = more activation in right side
79
Q

What do we know about the involvement of sensory areas in WM?

A

Ranganath et al (2004)
right parahippocampal gyrus showed greater activation when expecting to be asked about scenes than faces
reverse found for fusiform gyrus (face area)
suggests that we engage different sensory areas to provide the information that we maintain in WM

80
Q

What is the relationship between attention and working memory?

A

working memory guides attention
selective attention supports the maintenance of goals
selective attention modulates encoding
retroactive attention modulates maintenance and retrieval
working memory guides action planning

81
Q

What evidence do we have that visual working memory is selective?

A

Serences 2009
decode visual information from V1 during delay before test period
information on 2 metrics - colour and orientation
quality of information varies based on task - when decoding colour, that information is more advanced/detailed, same for orientation

82
Q

What do we know about the information that is retained during a delay period? What evidence is there of this?

A

might not be a replica/or even accurately represent features
information that is adaptive and relevant to task goal
Nobre and Stokes 2019
colour study
had to identify colour (turquoise) amidst distractors - either more green + blue, more blue or more green
in conds where given distractors are all of one colour, it is adaptive to remember it as closer to the other to differentiate it
when given an array of colours to choose from in this cond, that’s what ps did

83
Q

What evidence do we have that selective attention modulates encoding?

A

Rutman et al 2010
encoding information for a hybrid stimulus was modulated by the nature of relevant information (faces/scenes) so that the trace created was more similar to the trace created when an independent stimulus was demonstrated (pg 47 - WM &STM)
degree of modulation correlated with task performance

84
Q

What evidence do we have that reotractive cues can modulate maintenance/retrieval?

A

Griffin and Nobre (2003)
ps were either given a retroactive or a normal cue
when retroactive cue was accurate, it worked just as well at improving performance

85
Q

What evidence do we have that working memory is dynamic?

A

Van Ede et al 2017
working memory representations can be allocated resources in a flexible way where prioritisation can change as task changes

86
Q

What evidence do we have that WM guides action?

A

Van Ede et al 2019

spatial selection and hand selection happened simultaneously

87
Q

What is recursion? What differentiates humans from animals?

A

Embedding linguistic units within each other in a sentence

Their ability to do recursion and the fact that human children are unable to stop doing it

88
Q

Where is Broca’s area? In Brodmann Areas?

A

Left inferior frontal gyrus

BA 44 and 45

89
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia and what are the other names for it?

A 
Other names:
Anterior
Non-fluent
Motor 
Verbal
Expressive

Inability to produce language - semantic and phonological errors, difficulties forming tenses
speech is slow, laboured and telegraphic, comprehension is good but not normal
repetition is impaired
usually unable to write because motor area of left hemisphere affected (so right-handed writing affected)

90
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia and what are its other names?

A

Other names:
Fluent
Posterior
Semantic
nonsense speech but very fluent, unaware that communication doesn’t make sense
couldn’t comprehend speech
normal hearing, can’t produce meaningful speech
normal articulation, grammar and prosody
paraphasias and neologisms

91
Q

What are paraphasias and neologisms?

A

paraphasia - mixing up phonemes e.g. wife instead of life

neologism - making up new words

92
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (left side)

93
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

speech sounds and and movements retained, normal comprehension but impaired repetiton

94
Q

What area causes conduction aphasia and why?

A

area: arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s - if they are disconnected, their indivudal abilities will be retained but won’t be able to reproduce waht you heard because production and comprehension are separate

95
Q

Why do we need an arcuate fasciculus since we don’t often directly repeat words?

A

learning language involves repetition
also for regulation - need to ensure that what what you say is what you intend to say
online adjustments while you speak

96
Q

What is the Wernicke-Lichtheim/house model?

A
  1. Auditory info (a) transferred to superior temporal lobe from the ear
    1. A = wernicke’s –> sound turned into images/ideas if objects
    2. Sent through arcuate fasciculus to brocas (M) where representations of speech movement are retained
      Then sent to muscles that organise speech production (m)
      regons are separate but interdependent
97
Q

What is the main limitation of the Wernike-Lichtheim model?

A

Suggests that there is a ‘concepts’ pathway but we haven’t yet identified it
also might be an oversimplification considering how complex our other cognitive systems are

98
Q

What is th Geschwind model?

A

Auditory info comes from auditory cortex to wernicke’s where meaning is extracted
Then transfers via arcuate fasciculus to broca’s area where motor representation is stored
Speech instructions just sent to speech MC then to facial motor neurons via brainstem

99
Q

What evidence is there that the left hemisphere is dominant for language?

A

Most people are right handed
left handedness is associated with more speech disorders and reading disabilities
Wada test - more people who are left handed have a more dominant right hemisphere (still majority though left though)

100
Q

What did Sperry find (1980)?

A

split-brain study
ps report not having seen an object but can select it with left hand
right hem has access to meaning of words but can’t speak/give names bc phonological processes are in left

101
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral streams of language/auditory processing?

A

Anterior/ventral - hearing and understanding characteristics, what is being heard
Posterior/dorsal - localisation of sound, action and processing
later dorsal stream came to identify more the mapping of hearing on how it may be produced

102
Q

What do we know about lateralisation in the dorsal and ventral language streams?

A

ventral - bilateral (both sides of frontral lobe)

dorsal - quite left lateralised, important for syntax

103
Q

What are the parts of the larynx?

A

the glottis - the hole

the vocal folds - the flaps that cover it

104
Q

What characteristic of speech does frequency tell us abou

A

Pitch

105
Q

What characteristic of speech does amplitude tell us about?

A

Volume

106
Q

When F1 increases, what does that mean about tongue position?

A

it means the tongue is getting lower

107
Q

When F2 increases, what does that mean about tongue position?

A

it means the tongue is moving backwards

108
Q

In English what correlation is there in tongue movement? What is the other name for these features?

A 
Mouth shape (roundness) and backness
F1 and F2
109
Q

What is the evolutionary explanation given for why other animals can’t speak?
Why is that an unsatisfactory explanation?

A

Their larynxes haven’t descended unlike humans
Other species have descended larynxes and can’t speak
Babies don’t have descended larynxes and they can still produce most speech sounds

110
Q

What is a ‘lemma’?

A

an abstract representation of a word that includes its semantic properties, phonological (how it sounds) and phonetic properties (how its pronounced) and grammatical associationes

111
Q

What is the Lemma Model of Speech Production (Levelt)?

A

when communicating, we select a lexeme which involves conceptual focusing
this leads to a lexical concept which is a unit that integrates all of the semantic features associated with a word
this leads to the selection of a lemma and we then retrieve morphemic and phonological codes and apply prosodification and syllabification to them
we then encode the lemma phonetically

112
Q

Which were the areas that were found to be active during picture naming and word generation?

A

posterior/mid temporal lobe
inferior frontal/premotor cortex
supplementary motor area

113
Q

What are the limitations of the lemma model?

A
  • doesn’t allow for modality specific deficits e.g. problems with spoken but not written communication
  • suggests that the model operates in series but there is evidence of interaction e.g. saying cat instead of rat - semantic and phonological interaction
114
Q

What is the difference between Broca’s aphasia and apraxia?

A

Broca’s - can plan speech but can’t produce it

apraxia -

115
Q

How is a word activated in the lemma model?

A

competition
set of semantic representations activated - animal, feline, pet
these map onto lexical representations and those are activate in parallel until the winner is selected because it is most strongly activated

116
Q

What evidence do we have of the importance of auditory information in speech production?

A

Lametti and Watkins
participant says head but when they hear feedback, F1 is increased to make it sound more like had. P adjusts their speech, saying something closer to hid (moving F1 even lower and increasing F2) to compensate for the change in feedback

117
Q

What area is implicated in speech regulation due to its importance in conduction aphasia?

A

Sylvian temporo-parietal fissure

118
Q

What distinction is asserted between the dorsal and ventral streams of speech processing and what effect does this have?

A

ventral - sound onto meaning ( speech recognition)
damage here = impaired comprehension
dorsal - sound onto action (speech perception) dorsal = do
damage here = impaired processing and repetition

119
Q

What is the biggest challenge for speech comprehension?

A

Speech doesn’t have gaps/breaks where we would expect it to

120
Q

What does it mean to say that speech production suffers from co-articulation?

A

the proceeding sound affects how the current one is being pronounced
a /d/ sound has different formant frequencies depending on which vowel comes next - formant transition isn’t consistent so can’t be used to identify it

121
Q

What are some of the challenges for speech comprenhension?

A

Co-articulation - big differences between how one phoneme is pronounced based on context
small differences between phonemes
speaker differences - age, gender, accent
acoustic features spread themselves across each other

122
Q

What is VOT?

A

voice-onset time

time between the release of the consonant blockage and the start of voicing

123
Q

how can VOT be useful in comprehension?

A

can be used to differentiate between consonants

voiced vs voiceless consonants have different VOTs

124
Q

What does it mean to say that speech perception is categorical?

A

speech sounds are perceived in categories
a sound is perceived as either one/the other even when it is changing incrementally
non-linear identification function - perceive it is sound ‘ba’ until it hits the boundary then they perceive it as ‘da’ rather than hearing an ambiguous middle sound

125
Q

what is duplex perception and what does it tell us?

A

when speakers are presented with 2 different consonantal sounds, one in each ear
brain amalgamates both of them to create a middle sound, but they also hear a chirping sound in the other ear to account for change in formant freq
suggests 2 separate mechanisms

126
Q

which phenomena suggest that speech sounds and perception are unique to other types of perception?

A
  • duplex perception

- categorical perception

127
Q

What is the motor theory of speech perception?

A

articulatory movements thought to be less variable than speech acoustics
speech perception requires reference to articulation
same device (mechanism) used in perception and production
solves the problem of invariance - helps you interpret what was intended rather than what was actually said/heard
use of mirror neurons

128
Q

what are the limitations of the motor theory?

A
  • people who can’t speak can still understand speech and identify sounds
  • animals e.g. budgies and chinchillas show categorical perception of english phonemes
  • gestures are not that invariant
  • speech isn’t special - categorical perception can be found in non-speech sounds
  • phoneme perception might not be entirely categorical - response times are slower closer to boundary when it’s more ambiguous
129
Q

What evidence is there that lip movements can influence interpretation? Why might it not be very strong?

A

McGurk effect
lip movements aid perception esp in noisy environments
BUT there’s no context either semantic or acoustic
doesn’t actually provide evidence for motor theory, just shows that we use lots of info to aid/corroborate understanding

130
Q

By how many dBs does seeing someones lip movements increase the signal?

A

10

131
Q

How have mirror neuron discoveries changed our perception of speech comprehension?

A

Mirror neurons found that respond to auditory signals as well
some only to auditory signals
suggests that the motor theory might hold some weight
but only correlational data

132
Q

What have studies of the motor areas of the brain found about responses to auditory stimuli?

A

significant overlap in areas activated when listening to sounds and repeating the same sounds in premotor and primary motor cortex
increased activity in left side of motor cortex when listening to speech/watching speech movements&raquo_space;> this data is also correlational though

133
Q

How can the dual-stream model and motor theory interact?

A

DSM doesn’t support strong view of motor theory

but more nuanced model claims that they work together - when speech perception is hard motor cortex can support

134
Q

What is the mental lexicon?

A

A store in the brain for words as well as meaning and grammatical information

135
Q

What are the different types of information we can use to identify/recognise a word?L

A

Phonological/acoustic
Semantic
Morpho-syntactic

136
Q

What methods are there for studying lexical access?

A

Lexical decision
Shadowing
Word Naming

137
Q

What is an orthographic neighbourhood?

A

A collection of words that are the same except for one letter
- have, pave, gave
trip has a larger orthographic neighbourhood than move which would make it easier to access in the lexicon
very small effect, only happens with quite rare words

138
Q

What factors affect lexical access?

A

stimulus quality
orthographic neighbourhood
frequency (of occurence)
age of acquisition

139
Q

Which do we do quickest to slowest?

  • accept words
  • reject legal non-words (non-words that don’t violate phonotactic rules)
  • reject illegal non-words
A
  • reject illegal non-words
  • accept words
  • reject legal non-words
140
Q

What is the difference between repetition priming and semantic priming?

A

Repetition priming - priming with the same word

Semantic priming - priming with a word from the same semantic category e.g. medical personnel

141
Q

What is the prototype effect and how is it relevant for lexicon priming studies?

A

Prototype effect - the extent to which something is a ‘good’ representation of the semantic category it is in
priming is much faster when something is a prototype than when it is a bad example
e.g. priming is slower when ostrich is used as a prime for a bird as they are non-typical and can’t fly

142
Q

Which has a bigger effect, a degraded prime or a degraded target? Why?

A

A degraded prime (smaller priming effect, bigger difference in effect)

When a prime is degraded, it means it is less able to act as a prime and make target retrieval faster
when a target is degraded, the prime has already worked, bringing a certain category of information to mind so it’s easier to glean the target from that reduced selection of information

143
Q

What is an N400?

A

It is a negative brain spike 400ms after a semantically anomalous/incongruent word is said (when a sentence is said that doesn’t match the meaning of the rest of the sentence)
the size of the spike depends on how incongruent the word is

144
Q

What have studies of ambiguity resolution found?

A

When an ambiguous word has been primed for one meaning
immediately after the prime: both meanings are still active and relevant
a few seconds later, only one has been selected and the other meaning is treated like an irrelevant one

145
Q

What are serial and parallel lexicon models?

A

serial - one representation activated and rejected at a time

parallel - all activated at once and the best one chosen

146
Q

What are encapsulated and interactive lexicon models?

A

encapsulated: info from higher levels doesn’t interact with info from lower levels
interactive: information from higher levels feeds back

147
Q

What is the logogen model?

A

visual and auditory recognition
each word has a logogen (special recognition units to recognise specific words) with its own threshold
features detected and parallel activation of relevant words
logogen fires if threshold reached
after firing, decays gradually

148
Q

What happens to logogens which are frequently activated?

A

their threshold decreases

149
Q

How does logogen model explain the time taken to reject legal vs illegal non-words?

A

logogen declared as a non-word if none have reached threshold by a certain point
with legal non-words - lots of other logogens are activated due to similarities with non-word so takes longer to reject them, need complete analysis

150
Q

How does logogen model explain priming effects?

A

Priming increases logogen activation for either the specific word/category

151
Q

What is the serial search model?

A

a serial model of lexical access
initial perceptual check which directs to a bin of access files
modality specific analysis has to be complete before bins can be accessed
search sequentially through these
successful match directs to master file for the word
bins ordered by frequency of access and in terms of first syllable/letter
treats lexicon like a library

152
Q

How does the serial search moel explain the time taken to reject legal vs illegal non-words?

A

illegal non-words can’t access Access Files because they fail perceptual analysis - this happens in early stages
legal non-words can’t be rejected until all Access Files have been searched and nothing has come up which takes much longer

153
Q

How does the serial search model explain priming effects?

A

Different bins are searched in parallel so if relevant info is primed it will be at the forefront
high frequency words don’t benefit from priming

154
Q

Out of the logogen and serial search models, which theory predicts the effect of the interaction between stimulus quality and word frequency on reaction time?

A

Serial search
high frequency words are normally detected quickly, if they are degraded it is slower
high freq degraded words take a similar amount of time to low freq normal words
low freq degraded words are even slower

155
Q

Out of the logogen and serial search models, which theory predicts the effect of the interaction between stimulus quality and context on reaction time?

A

logogen
normal word in contect (primed) recognised quickly
still recognised v quickly without contect (but little bit less)
when stimulus degraded, much slower recognition
significantly faster with prime than without it

156
Q

What is the COHORT model?

A

An encapsulated, parallel, auditory model
no context effects, recognise a word at the point when it becomes unique to any other potential words
this is different for every word - takes longer when there are more potentials
information from selected word tested against context (Slight top down activation)

157
Q

How has the COHORT model been adjusted to account for context?

A

in shadowing tasks, context can restore mispronunciation

suggests that there must be some top down influence

158
Q

What is multiple constraint satisfaction in relation to the mental lexicon?

A

it is the idea that both the sound and meaning of words can be used to access the lexicon, but using one or the other is much less successful

159
Q

What is fluent restoration??

A

The idea that even when a phoneme is replaced with a random sound, you either don’t hear/acknowledge the mispronunciation, or you’ll instead hear the full intended word and be unable to place where the sound came in the word
when a phoneme is mispronounced, you also may not hear it

160
Q

What is the word superiority effect?

A

letters recognised more easily when embedded in a word than when they’re on their own / in a string of letters
also if embedded in a pronounceable nonword

161
Q

What is the interactive-activation model?

A

bottom-up activation from form (letter)
excitation of all words that start with the relevant letter
inhibition of words that start with different letters
activation of all words that have the same letters in any position but these activations are cancelled out if they have the wrong letters in other positions

162
Q

How does the interactive-activation model explain the word superiority phenomenon?

A

when a target letter is presented within a word, letter and word detectors are activated which adds weight to final recognition rather than just letter

163
Q

What is the Dual-Route Cascading model?

A

An interactive model of reading
Made up 2 routes - lexical and sublexical route
lexical route - visual feature detectors > visual input > semantic system > phonological output > phoneme system > speech
mature readers rely on this more

sublexical route - visual feature detectors > letter detectors > grapheme-phoneme conversion rules > phoneme system > speech
‘sounding words out’

164
Q

What is the benefit of the sublexical system in the DRC?

A

it allows you to read words you’ve never seen before or legal non-words except for exception words which don’t sound how they are spelled

165
Q

What are the acquired dyslexias? Between which two is there a double dissociation?

A
  • surface dyslexia
  • phonological dyslexia
  • deep dyslexia
    surface and phonological
166
Q

What is surface dyslexia?

A

can read words/pseudo-words with regular pronunciation but can’t read familiar words with irregular pronunciation (have access to sublexical route but not lexical)

167
Q

What is phonological dyslexia?

A

can’t read unfamiliar or pseudo words but can read familiar words, even those with irregular pronunciations (have access to lexical route but not sublecial)
can’t convert letters to sounds

168
Q

What is deep dyslexia?

A

can’t read pseudo words
phonological and semantic errors
might be due to multiple deficits
sympathy –> orchestra (sympathy >(phonological error) symphony > (semantic error) > orchestra
struggle with both sight and sound reading
problems with function words e.g. it, when

169
Q

What is alexia?

A

Inability to read

170
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Inability to write

171
Q

What is an N200?

A

negative peak in posterior fusiform gyrus 200s after a word/letter string is presented
not present for other visual stimuli that carry meaning

172
Q

Where is the visual word form area and how does it respond to stimuli?

A

lateral inferor occipito-temporal cortex
activates to word forms and not other letter strings
spatial invariance - doesn’t matter when it is presented

173
Q

What areas are associated with phonological word processing?

A

dorsal areas of fronto-parietal cortex

174
Q

What areas are associated with semantic word processing?

A

ventral processing stream

175
Q

What have case-studies shown about cortical activation in surface dyslexics? Which route in the DRC model is surface dyslexia associated with?

A

Showed more activity in dorsal frontal route than controls

sub-lexical

176
Q

When compared with case studies, what do controls show us about cortical activation in those without surface dyslexia?

A

More activation of the dorsal processing stream

177
Q

How is semantic information accessed in the brain? Huth et al 2016

A

‘brain map’
Different areas of the brain respond to different types of words and concepts
grouped into rough categories e.g. number, social, family, places and people
concepts represented generally relate to other functions e.g. concepts related to visual information tend to be near visual area

178
Q

What is the relationship between the right hemisphere and language?

A

Sperry experiment - can’t report seeing anything but can select object when left eye covered and right eye exposed
right hem has access to semantic information but can’t declare it
other studies show right hem can’t generate or use syntax for comprehension

179
Q

What is the relationship between semantic information and the corpus callosum?

A

Anterior CC transfers semantic info

when CC is partially severed, semantic info related to a stimulus can be accessed

180
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

inability to recognise anything about a visual stimulus

181
Q

What are the symtpoms of associative agnosia? What else can it be called?

A

impaired picture/word recognition
sensory processing, perception, expressive language and intelligence unimpaired
more impaired on low frequency words than high frequency words
dissociation between abstract and concrete stimuli
impairment at matching words to pictures if they represent manmade objects or food etc
category specific, only 1 area

semantic dementia

182
Q

What is semantic integration?

A

putting together features of an item to identify it

living things have more distinguishing features which makes it more difficult to identify them than objects e.g. tools

183
Q

What areas do animals and tools activate?

A

Animals - occipital

Tools - dorsal frontal

184
Q

What area is important for integrating information in monkeys?

A

Peri-rhinal cortex

185
Q

If semantic information is spread across the cortex, how come semantic dementia is localised in one area?

A

a single multimodal hub which propagates information across the brain
starts in visual areas and then transmitted to hub and then hub broadcasts it to sensory and linguistic areas
hub = anterior temporal lobe
damage here = semantic dementia

FHS Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions