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Cognitive-Behavioral > Cognitive neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Cognitive neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s area is in the _____ of the ________

A

Broca’s area is in the opercular and triangular portions of the of the inferior frontal gyrus

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2
Q

Wernicke’s area is in the ______________

A

Wernicke’s area is in the superior temporal gyrus

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3
Q

This area of the parietal lobe is important for allowing visual information from reading that has been processed by the visual association cortex into the temporal lobe for language processing

A

Angular gyrus

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4
Q

In Broca’s aphasia, ______ is impaired but _____ is intact

A

In Broca’s aphasia, repetition is impaired but comprehension is intact .

(Broca’s disconnects from Wernicke’s area, so repetition is impared)

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5
Q

Broca’s aphasia is caused by an infarct in the ______ division of the MCA, while Wernecke’s is caused by an infarct in the ______ division of the MCA

A

Broca’s aphasia is caused by an infarct in the SUPERIOR division of the MCA, while Wernecke’s is caused by an infarct in the INFERIOR division of the MCA

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6
Q

Describe which aphasias have intact repetition and which do not, and localize them

A
  • All have impaired naming except for pure anomia (which can localize to multiple spots).
  • Broca and Wernicke have impaired repetition
  • Transcortical sensory and motor have intact repetition
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7
Q

Describe conduction aphasia

A

Fluent with intact comprehension but impaired repetition (the BLOCK or deficit is in conduction)

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8
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A

fluent, impaired comprehension but intact repetition (like Wernecke but able to repeat)

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9
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

NON-fluent, intact comprehension and repetition (like Broca but with intact comprehension)

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10
Q

Transcortical SENSORY aphasia can be caused by

A

MCA-PCA watershed infarcts

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11
Q

fluent, impaired comprehension but intact repetition (like Wernecke but able to repeat)

A

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

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12
Q

NON-fluent, intact comprehension and repetition (like Broca but with intact comprehension)

A

Transcortical motor aphasia

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13
Q

Transcortical MOTOR aphasia can be caused by

A

ACA-MCA watershed infarct

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14
Q

What is a mixed transcortical aphasia and what is a common cause

A
  • impaired comprehension
  • impaired fluency
  • INTACT repetition
  • caused by combined MCA and PCA infarcts (like a combo of transcortical motor and sensory aphasias)
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15
Q

What deficits do you expect from this lesion?

A

Alexia WITHOUT agraphia. Lesion in the DOMINANT occipital lobe that involves the corpus callosum, often from PCA infarct

  • You can’t see the RIGHT (contralateral) visual field to read
  • You can see the LEFT (ipsi) visual field, but you can’t get the information to the LEFT/dominant (language processing) hemisphere b/c your posterior CC is out
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16
Q

Localize alexia WITHOUT agraphia and common etiology

A

Lesion in the DOMINANT occipital lobe that involves the corpus callosum, often from PCA infarct

  • You can’t see the RIGHT (contralateral) visual field to read
  • You can see the LEFT (ipsi) visual field, but you can’t get the information to the LEFT/dominant (language processing) hemisphere b/c your posterior CC is out
17
Q

Name the 4 deficits in Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A
  1. Agraphia
  2. Acalculia
  3. Left/right disorientation
  4. Finger agnosia
18
Q

Localize the following combination of deficits and identify the syndrome:

  • Agraphia
  • Acalculia
  • Left/right disorientation
  • Finger agnosia
A

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Localizes to the dominant inferior parietal lobule in region of angular gyrus

Often accompanied by other deficits localizing to inferior parietal lobule, including alexia, contralateral visual field cut, and anomia or worse aphasia

19
Q

Define and localize aphemia

A

Def: severe speech apraxia without a language disturbance. Written language, comprehension are intact

Localization: dominant frontal operculum restricted to broca’s area

20
Q

A patient can hear but cannot understand any words. Speech is fluent, and reading and writing are INTACT. Identify the syndrome and localize it

A

Pure word deafness

Infarct in auditory area of DOMINANT hemishere extending to subcortical white matter –> cuts off auditory input from contralateral hemisphere

You hear, but you cannot PROCESS the language components b/c you can’t get it out of primary auditory cortex (sort of like alexia without agraphia)

21
Q

How is the amygdala connected with the frontal lobes?

A

Amygdala is connected with orbital and medial frontal lobes by uncinate fasciculus

22
Q

How are frontal lobes connected to hippoampus

A

Via cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

23
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is most interconnected with prefrontal cortex?

A

mediodorsal nucleus

24
Q

The prefrontal cortex connects to the basal ganglia mainly via ______

A

The prefrontal cortex connects to the basal ganglia mainly via the HEAD of the caudate nucleus

25
Q

Describe the difference between the dorsal and ventral streams

A

Dorsal stream answers “where” questions

Ventral stream answers “what” questions; specific areas for identifying faces, colors, letters

26
Q

Localize prosopagnosia

A

Fusiform gyrus (inferior occipitotemporal lobe)

27
Q

What symptoms might you see with lesions in the inferior occipitotemporal cortex?

A
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Achromotopsia (cortical color blindness)
  • may also see alexia, upper quadrant or b/l upper visual field cut if you hit the inferior bank of the calcarine sulcus
28
Q

What is the difference between achromotopsia and color agnosia?

A

achromotopsia is cortial color blindness, caused by injury to fusiform gyrus (can’t process color)

color agnosia is a disconnect syndrome caused by injury in dominant occipital cortex involving corpus callosum. Associated with alexia WITHOUT agraphia and right hemianopia. Can’t name colors pointed to visually but perception is intact (can match colors presented visually and name a color when it is described. see figure)

29
Q

Identify and localize this triad of symptoms

  1. simultagnosia
  2. optic ataxia
  3. ocular apraxia
A

Balint’s syndrome

Localizes to BILATERAL dorsolateral parieto-occipital association cortex (WHERE visual stream)

30
Q

Balint’s syndrome

What are the symptoms and the localization?

A

Localizes to BILATERAL dorsolateral parieto-occipital association cortex (WHERE visual stream)

  1. simultagnosia
  2. optic ataxia
  3. ocular apraxia
31
Q

What is a common cause of Balint Syndrome?

A

Bilateral MCA-PCA watershed infarcts (you have to take out the parieto-occipital association cortices bilaterally)

32
Q

What are some symptoms you might expect to see associated with Balint’s syndrome?

A
  • inferior quadrant visual field cuts
    • (parietal optic radiations)
  • aphasia
    • (Receptive > expressive)
  • hemineglect
    • (R parietal)

Cognitive-Behavioral (5 decks)

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