Cognitive & Motor Flashcards
circadian rythm components
preoptic area of hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
reticular activating system
state of consciousness vs conscious experience
level of arousal (awake, asleep, etc.) Measured by behavior and brain activity
vs
thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc.
capacity to experience one’s existence rather than
_______ measures activity of neurons located near the scalp in the in gray matter of the cortex
electroencephalograph (EEG) by frequency (LOC) and amplitude (synchronous activity)
Sleep apnea
sudden reduction in respiration (blockage of airway by tongue, causing individual to awaken)
Circadian rhythm components:
-Preoptic area of hypothalamus
-Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
-Reticular activating system
Regulating states of consciousness (4 things + what they do + where they’re from)
brainstem nuclei from reticular activating system:
-aminergenic neurons (awake)
-cholinergenic neurons (REM sleep)
Hypothalamus + homeostatic centers
-increased histamine (awake)
-inhibition of histamine (NREM sleep)
Role of motivation vs emotion:
Produce goal directed behaviour
vs
accompany our conscious experiences
Mesolimbic dopamine (reward): pathway, neurotransmitter, linked to ______
-Prefrontal cortex
-Midbrain
-Local ceruleus in the reticular activating system
Neurotransmitter: dopamine, stimulated by amphetamines
System linked to addiction
Limbic system (emotions)
Olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus (memory)
Learning and memory: two types + component of brain
-Declarative memory (conscious experince, put into words)
-Procedural memory(skilled behaviour)
Hippocampus
Consolidation of memory for both memory types:
Declarative: hippocampus/temporal strcuture to many areas of association cortex
Procedural: widely distributed to basal nuclei/ cerebellum/premotor cortex
Language: two areas and what they determine, damage to these areas?
Usually left hemisphere.
Articulation: Broca’s
Comprehension: Wernickes
Aphasia: deficit of either of these area (two types based on location of damage)
Parietal damage
Sensory neglect
Two types of motor behaviour?
voluntary
reflexive
Muscle control for extension and flexion
Extension: increases angle
Agonist = contraction of extensor
Antagonist = relaxation of flexor
Flexion: decreased angle
Agonist = flexor muscle contracts
Antagonist = extensor muscle relaxes
Reciprocal innervation of muscles
- Coordinated flexor and extensor muscle activation and relaxation
- Limb position is maintained by a balance of flexor and extensor muscle tension
Motor neuron: type and neurotransmitter
only excitatory and ACh
Alpha vs gamma motor neurons, input from where, cell body location
Alpha= skeletal (extrafusal))
Gamma=muscle spindle sensitivity (intrafusal)
input from interneurons (mostly)
in ventral horn of spinal cord or brain stem (spinal or cranial nerves)
Three types of spinal reflexes
Withdrawal (protect from injury)
Stretch (controls muscle length)
Inverse stretch (maintains muscle tension)
Ipsilateral and contrelateral effect of the withdrawal reflex
Ipsilateral: flexor contracts, extensor relaxes
Contralateral: flexor relaxes, extensor contracts
3 properties of withdrawal reflex:
-polysynaptic (afferent to efferent connected by interneurons)
-irradiation (increased reaction and time for larger stimulus via increased interneruon recruitment)
-afterdischarge (response is maintained after the stimulus by spinal feedback loops)
Response of Ia afferent vs II afferent for linear stretch and tap (stretch reflex)
Ia: during change (dynamic change in length, adaptive, what you feel)
II: signal of static change | no response for tap
What stops muscle spindles from losing sensitivty during flexion
Alpha-gamma coactivation - with solely alpha neurons activity, muscle spindles collapse
Properties of stretch reflex
-resists change in muscle length (sets muscle tone) - prevents the muscle from overstretching
-mono and polysynaptic components
-mediated by feedback in muscle spindles
Properties of muscle spindles
-reports muscle length
-in parallel with extrafusal muscle fibers (do not contribute to force of muscle contraction)
-Ia and II afferents
-intrafusal fibers maintain splindle sensitivity: part of alpha gamma coactivation
What does the golgi tendon organ repond to
force in the muscle: contracting muscles (tension), not passive stretch
Properties of golgi tendon organ
-reports muscle tension (contraction)
-in series with extrafusal muscle fibers
-Ib afferents
-underlies inverse stretch reflex
Motor control hierarchy?
Highest - middle - local level
Highest = consciously initiates movement
local = receives from afferent sensory receptors, drives motor neurons
Roles of middle level of motor control hierarchy?
- executes the individual muscle contractions
- make corrections based on sensory input
Sensorimotor cortex? What and function
conscious initiation of movement - premotor cortex - primary motor cortex - central sulcus - somatosensory cortex
voluntary control of movement
Size of body structures in the primary cortex is proportional to what?
Number of neurons dedicated to their motor control
Degree of skill needed to operate the body part
What does the somatotopic motor complex do?
Coordinate the systematic relationship between select muscle groups and the body areas they control
Corticospinal? Function, properties, origin
-skilled voluntary movements (hands and feet)
-compact discrete fiber direct to spinal cord / contralateral
-primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
Extrapyramidal? Function, properties, origin
-Control of trunk and postural muscles
-diffused and indirect (multiple tracts) / contralateral and ipsilateral
-neurons in brainstem
Muscle tone? Appearance on normal subject
Resistance of skeletal muscle to stretch
Slight and uniform.
Effect of damage to descending pathways to muscle tone?
1) Hypertonia: Abnormally high muscle tone.
2) Spasticity: Overactive motor reflexes.
3) Rigidity: Constant muscle contraction
Impact of damage to motor neurons to muscle tone
1) Hypotonia: Abnormally low muscle tone.
2) Atrophy: Loss of muscle mass.
3) Decreased or missing reflexes
Basal nuclei function
Helps to determine the specific sequence of movements needed to accomplish a desired action
Parkinsons: damage to what, treatment, symptoms
-reduced dopamine to basal nuclei
-increased dopamine concentration to the brain or deep brain stimulation
-akinesia, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, resting tremor
Akinesia? Symptom of what?
Reduced movement
Parkinsons
Bradykinesia? Symptom of what?
Slow movements
Parkinsons
Huntington disease? Cause, symptoms
-Genetic mutation that causes widespread loss of neurons in the brain- basal nuclei are preferentially lost
-Hyperkinetic disease, choreiform movements
Hyperkinetic disorder? Symptom of what
excessive motor movements
huntingtons
Choreiform movements? Symtpom of what
jerky, random involuntary movement
huntingtons
Cerebellum function?
Movement timing, planning, and error correction.Learning new motor skills.
Receives sensory information
Asynergia?
Cerebellar deficit: Smooth movements are subdivided into their separate components
Dysmetria?
Cerebellar deficit: unable to target movements correctly
Ataxia?
Cerebella deficits: incoordination of muscle groups
Intention tremor - symptom of?
Cerebellar deficits - occurs during voluntary movements
Nociception?
the detection of painful stimuli
what is the relationship between intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fiber
Muscle fibres inside the spindle are intrafusal
Those making up the bulk of the muscle are extrafusal.
Muscle spindles are in parallel with extrafusal fibres
role of the precentral gyrus
initiation of skilled movements
Role of postcentral gyrus
receives and integrates sensory information relating to touch, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception and movement.
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