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PHGY 209 > Cognitive & Motor > Flashcards

Cognitive & Motor Flashcards

1
Q

circadian rythm components

A

preoptic area of hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
reticular activating system

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2
Q

state of consciousness vs conscious experience

A

level of arousal (awake, asleep, etc.) Measured by behavior and brain activity
vs
thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc.
capacity to experience one’s existence rather than

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3
Q

_______ measures activity of neurons located near the scalp in the in gray matter of the cortex

A

electroencephalograph (EEG) by frequency (LOC) and amplitude (synchronous activity)

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4
Q

Sleep apnea

A

sudden reduction in respiration (blockage of airway by tongue, causing individual to awaken)

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5
Q

Circadian rhythm components:

A

-Preoptic area of hypothalamus
-Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
-Reticular activating system

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6
Q

Regulating states of consciousness (4 things + what they do + where they’re from)

A

brainstem nuclei from reticular activating system:
-aminergenic neurons (awake)
-cholinergenic neurons (REM sleep)
Hypothalamus + homeostatic centers
-increased histamine (awake)
-inhibition of histamine (NREM sleep)

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7
Q

Motivation vs emotion:

A

Produce goal directed behaviour
vs
accompany our conscious experiences

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8
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine (reward): pathway, neurotransmitter, linked to ______

A

-Prefrontal cortex
-Midbrain
-Local ceruleus in the reticular activating system
Neurotransmitter: dopamine, stimulated by amphetamines
System linked to addiction

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9
Q

Limbic system (emotions)

A

Olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus (memory)

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10
Q

Learning and memory: two types + component of brain

A

-Declarative memory (conscious experince, put into words)
-Procedural memory(skilled behaviour)
Hippocampus

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11
Q

Consolidation of memory for both memory types:

A

Declarative: hippocampus/temporal strcuture to many areas of association cortex
Procedural: widely distributed to basal nuclei/ cerebellum/premotor cortex

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12
Q

Language: two areas and what they determine, damage to these areas?

A

Usually left hemisphere.
Articulation: Broca’s
Comprehension: Wernickes
Aphasia: deficit of either of these area (two types based on location of damage)

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13
Q

Parietal damage

A

Sensory neglect

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14
Q

Type of motor behaviour ( purposeful or goal directed)

A

voluntary
reflexive

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15
Q

Muscle control for extension and flexion

A

Extension: increases angle
Agonist = contraction of extensor
Antagonist = relaxation of flexor
Flexion: decreased angle
Agonist = flexor muscle contracts
Antagonist = extensor muscle relaxes

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16
Q

Reciprocal innervation of muscles

A
  1. Coordinated flexor and extensor muscle activation and relaxation
  2. Limb position is maintained by a balance of flexor and extensor muscle tension
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17
Q

Motor neuron: type and neurotransmitter

A

only excitatory and ACh

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18
Q

Alpha vs gamma neurons, input from where, cell body location

A

Alpha= skeletal (extrafusal))
Gamma=spindle (intrafusal)
input from interneurons (mostly)
in ventral horn of spinal cord or brain stem (spinal or cranial nerves)

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19
Q

Three types of spinal reflexes

A

Withdrawal (protect from injury)
Stretch (controls muscle length)
Inverse stretch (maintains muscle tension)

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20
Q

2 type of withdrawal reflex:

A

Ipsilateral: flexor contracts, extensor relaxes
Contralateral: flexor relaxes, extensor contracts

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21
Q

3 properties of withdrawal reflex:

A

-polysynaptic (afferent to efferent connected by interneurons)
-irradiation (increased reaction and time for larger stimulus via increased interneruon recruitment)
-afterdischarge (response is maintained after the stimulus by spinal feedback loops)

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22
Q

Response of Ia afferent vs II afferent for linear stretch and tap (stretch reflex)

A

Ia: during change (dynamic change in length, adaptive, what you feel)
II: signal of static change | no response for tap

23
Q

What stops muscle spindles from losing sensitivty during flexion

A

Alpha-gamma coactivation - with solely alpha neurons activity, muscle spindles collapse

24
Q

Properties of stretch reflex

A

-resists change in muscle length (sets muscle tone)
-mono and polysynaptic components
-mediated by feedback in muscle spindles

25
Q

Properties of muscle spindles

A

-reports muscle length
-in parallel with extrafusal muscle fibers (do not contribute to force of muscle contraction)
-Ia and II afferents
-intrafusal fibers maintain splindle sensitivity: part of alpha gamma coactivation

26
Q

What does the golgi tendon organ repond to

A

force in the muscle: contracting muscles (tension), not passive stretch

27
Q

Properties of golgi tendon organ

A

-reports muscle tension (contraction)
-in series with extrafusal muscle fibers
-Ib afferents
-underlies inverse stretch reflex

28
Q

Motor control hierarchy?

A

Highest - middle - local level
Highest = consciously initiates movement
local : receives from afferent sensory receptors, drives motor neurons

29
Q

Roles of middle level of motor control hierarchy?

A
  1. executes the individual muscle contractions
  2. make corrections based on sensory input
30
Q

Sensorimotor cortex? What and function

A

conscious initiation of movement - premotor cortex - primary motor cortex - central sulcus - somatosensory cortex
voluntary control of movement

31
Q

Size of body structures in the primary cortex is proportional to what?

A

Number of neurons dedicated to their motor control
Degree of skill needed to operate the body part

32
Q

What does the somatotopic motor complex do?

A

Coordinate the systematic relationship between select muscle groups and the body areas they control

33
Q

Corticospinal? Function, properties, origin

A

-skilled voluntary movements (hands and feet)
-compact discrete fiber direct to spinal cord / contralateral
-primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

34
Q

Extrapyramidal? Function, properties, origin

A

-Control of trunk and postural muscles
-diffused and indirect (multiple tracts) / contralateral and ipsilateral
-neurons in brainstem

35
Q

Muscle tone? Appearance on normal subject

A

Resistance of skeletal muscle to stretch
Slight and uniform.

36
Q

Effect of damage to descending pathways to muscle tone?

A

1) Hypertonia: Abnormally high muscle tone.
2) Spasticity: Overactive motor reflexes.
3) Rigidity: Constant muscle contraction

37
Q

Impact of damage to motor neurons to muscle tone

A

1) Hypotonia: Abnormally low muscle tone.
2) Atrophy: Loss of muscle mass.
3) Decreased or missing reflexes

38
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

Helps to determine the specific sequence of movements needed to accomplish a desired action

39
Q

Parkinsons: damage to what, treatment, symptoms

A

-reduced dopamine to basal nuclei
-increased dopamine concentration to the brain or deep brain stimulation
-akinesia, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, resting tremor

40
Q

Akinesia? Symptom of what?

A

Reduced movement
Parkinsons

41
Q

Bradykinesia? Symptom of what?

A

Slow movements
Parkinsons

42
Q

Huntington disease? Cause, symptoms

A

-Genetic mutation that causes widespread loss of neurons in the brain- basal nuclei are preferentially lost
-Hyperkinetic disease, choreiform movements

43
Q

Hyperkinetic disorder? Symptom of what

A

excessive motor movements
huntingtons

44
Q

Choreiform movements? Symtpom of what

A

jerky, random involuntary movement
huntingtons

45
Q

Cerebellum function?

A

Movement timing, planning, and error correction.Learning new motor skills.
Receives sensory information

46
Q

Asynergia?

A

Cerebellar deficit: Smooth movements are subdivided into their separate components

47
Q

Dysmetria?

A

Cerebellar deficit: unable to target movements correctly

48
Q

Ataxia?

A

Cerebella deficits: incoordination of muscle groups

49
Q

Intention tremor - symptom of?

A

Cerebellar deficits - occurs during voluntary movements

50
Q

Nociception?

A

the detection of painful stimuli

51
Q

what is the relationship between intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fiber

A

Muscle fibres inside the spindle are intrafusal
Those making up the bulk of the muscle are extrafusal.
Muscle spindles are in parallel with extrafusal fibres

52
Q

role of the precentral gyrus

A

initiation of skilled movements

53
Q

Role of postcentral gyrus

A

receives and integrates sensory information relating to touch, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception and movement.

54
Q
A

PHGY 209 (1 decks)

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