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PSYCHOLOGY > COGNITIVE- Memory > Flashcards

COGNITIVE- Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Give a definition of memory

A

The ability to retain infomation and demostrate retention through behaviour

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2
Q

What are the 3 processes of memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

When the last items from a list are recalled well

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4
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

When the first items from a list are recalled well

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5
Q

give 3 ways in which data can be stored and retrieved?

A

Acoustically - the inner voice
Visually - the mind’s eyes
Semantically - based on meaning

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6
Q

What is the sensory memory?

A

A storage system that holds information in a mostly unprocessed form for fractions of a second when the physical stimulus is no longer available.

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7
Q

What does the short term memory do?

A

Stores information for brief periods of time

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8
Q

Describe the capacity of the short term memory

A

it is limited, a brief duration of 10-15 seconds

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9
Q

Describe the duration of the short term memory

A

storage is very fragile and information can be lost easily with distraction or within fractions of a second

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10
Q

What is the Multi-Store Model of memory?

A

A model of short and long term memory that suggests memory is made up of a series of stores.

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11
Q

How may short term memory capacity be tester?

A

Miller’s (1956) Magic number 7 (plus or minus two) provides evidence for the capacity of short term memory

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12
Q

Who devised the Multi-Store Model and when?

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968

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13
Q

What are the different stores in the Multi-Store model?

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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14
Q

What does the long term memory do?

A

Stores complex and diverse memories and information

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15
Q

Describe the duration of long term memory

A

Can store information for almost a life time

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16
Q

Describe the capacity of long term memory

A

Psychologist are unable to accurately measure the capacity but estimate that it has no upper limit

17
Q

How is info encoded in the long term memory?

A

semantically

18
Q

How is info encoded in the short term memory

A

There are separate sensory stores for each of the senses

19
Q

How is information stored in the long term memory according to the Multi-store model?

A

Information detected by sense organs and enters sensory memory.
If attended to this information enters the STM
Information from the STM is transferred to the LTM only if that information is rehearsed.
If rehearsal does not occur information is forgotten as it is lost from STM through the processes of displacement or decay.

20
Q

Give the strengths of the Multi-store Model

A

There is evidence to support the claim that the memory is comprised of more that one store and they are all different.
It explains many of the things we know to be true e.g struggling to hold new info

21
Q

Give limiations of the Multi-store Model

A

Many of the studies used to act as evidence lack ecological validity as the tasks set were not natural/take place in the real world.
The model is too simplistic and inflexible to represent the human brain.
Emphasis on rehearsal as a primary process for transferring info into the LTM. This does not explain why we sometimes remember insignificant events and forget important things.

22
Q

What is the Working memory?

A

Working memory is STM. Instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems for different types of information.

23
Q

Who devised the Working Memory model and when?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

24
Q

What are the 4 components of the Working Memory model?

A

Central executive
Visuo-Spatial scratch pad
Episodical buffer
Phonological loop

25
Q

What is the role of the central executive in the Working Memory model?

A

Controls the slave systems

Makes decisions such as allocating slave systems to tasks but has no storage capacity

26
Q

What is the role of the visuo-spatial scratch pad in the Working Memory model?

A

Acts as storage for visual infomation and is also used in spatial tasks/visual information- the’inner eye’ it has a limited capacity

27
Q

What is the role of the episodic buffer in the Working Memory model?

A

Acts as a temporary system allowing diverse info (auditory, spatial & visual) to be combined with info from LTM

28
Q

What is the role of the phonological loop in the Working Memory model?

A

Comprised of 2 systems;
Articulatory control system: for verbal rehearsal ‘inner voice’
Phonoligcal store: for acoustically coded items ‘the inner ear’
Has a limited capacity of 2 seconds

PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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