cognitive development in preschool kids Flashcards
what are the 3 phases of theory of mind?
awareness of desires &links to behaviour, mental vs physical world, own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations
what age do kids become aware of desires and links to behaviour?
common in 2 year olds
when is awareness of mental vs physical world present?
3 years old
when is awareness that own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations
4 years old
what did Pellicano 2007 propose that theory of mind deficits may be due to?
he said they may be due to difficulties in executive functioning present in early life
what is executive functioning?
refers to a child’s ability to engage in intentional, self regulating bheaviour
what does the info processing approach suggest?
suggests that preshool years are not defined by a seperate stage of cognitive development
what is the goal of child focused ECE?
educate the whole child including physical, cogniitve, social, and emotional aspects
what is the goal of acadmeically oriented ECE?
prepare children for school by helping them achieve specific linguistic, cognitive, social and emotional goals
what age do children have a stable gender identity?
4-5 years
what is social learning theory? who is the creator?
kids learn about gender roles through reinforcement and observational learning. albert bandura
what is cognitive development theory? who is the creator?
full understanding of gender develops gradually. lawrence kohlberg
what does Lawrence Kholberg say about gender? 3 steps
- gender labelling
- gender stability
- gender consistency
when does gender labelling start? what is it?
starts at 2-3. understand they are a boy or girl and label themselves
what is gender stability? when does it start?
during preschool Years, develop understanding that genderally boys become men and girls become women
what is gender consistency? when does it occur?
understand that gender doesnt change across situation, 4-7
what 3 things do children have to master to achieve gender constancy?
gender labelling, gender stability, gender consistency
when do self conscious emotions become more common?
preschool years
in terms of emotions what is fundamental to the development of social competence?
regulating emotions
outline the emotion coaching approach
monitor emotions, neg emotions = opporunity for teaching, assist in labelling, more nurturing and less rejecting, more scaffolding and praise
outline the emotion dismissing approach
parents believe thier role is to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
name characteristics of kids with emotion coaching parents
better at soothing themselves, more effective at regulating neg emotions, focus attention better, have fewer behavioural problems
name the parenting styles
authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent permissive, indifferent uninvolved
describe the authoritarian parent
high control and low involvement/warmth
describe the authoritative parent
high control and high involvement
describe the indulgent permissive parent
low control and high involvement
describe the indifferent uninvolved parent
low control and low involvement
describe the child of an authoritarian parent
lower self esteem, less social skills
describe the child of an authoritative parent
responsible, self reliant, friendly
describe the child of an indulgent permissive parent
impulsive, easily frusterated
indifferent uninvolved child
low self esteem, impulsive, aggressive, moody
what are the scores on IQ tests for older child compared to other children?
higher
is the first or second born child more likley to go to university?
first
what is true about later born children?
tend to be more popular, more innovative
why do preschool aged children use aggression to solve conflicts?
because they are still learning socially appropriate ways to navigate conflict
what play is the norm by 4 years old?
cooperative play
what is make believe play associated with?
associated with cognitive and social/emotional development
what roles can parents play in play
join as playmate, mediator, coach, through attachment
when is the foundation of moral thinking set?
preschool years
what is the first step toward moral behaviour in the preschool years?
self control
what is self control?
the ability to rise above immediate pressure/temptation and not given into impulse
when does the first phase of self control begin? what does it entail?
around 1, start to learn about rules/demands people place on them
when does the 2nd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?
around 2, internalizing rules and are capable of some self control even when parents not around
when does the 3rd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?
around 3, get better at self regulation and develop strategies to resist urgest
what strategies do preschoolers use to delay gratification?
avoid looking at tempting objects, reminder of rules, use distracting activities
what influences a childs self control? (2 things)
parental influence, childs temperament
where does the increase in height come from in middle childhood?
from the legs
are female vs males different in size in middle childhood?
no, growth is relatively the same in these years
what rate do kids lose teeth in middle childhood?
4 teeth per year
by 12 how many teeth do children have?
24 teeth
what age do 2nd set of molars come in?
11-13 years
what age do 3rd sets of molars come In?
early adult period
what is malocclusion?
dental condition when the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly
what is myopia?
nearsightedness, fuzzy distant vision
what is the eustachian tube?
links inner ear to upper part of throat
what perceptage of daily calories should breakfast be in middle childhood?
25-33%
what are contirbutors to obesity in middle childhood?
genetics and biology, environment, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, others
for treating obesity, what is the family centred approach?
parents play a fundamental role, not just directed to the child
for treating obesity, what is the multidisciplinary approach?
multiple health care providers participate in the therapy
11 year old can throw 3x further and jump 2x further than they could at age 6
what skills do children tend to do better at?
fine motor skills and gross requiring flexibility and balance
what skills are male children at?
gross motor skills requiring strength
who made up the idea of schemas?
piaget’s theory
what stage of thinking are middle childhood children in?
concrete operational
why is the concrete operational stage called that?
its called the concrete because they still can’t understand abstract concepts
what are some limitations of the concrete operational stage?
not able to think abstractly or hypothetically, cant understand or think ab broad concepts, cant do abstract and complex mental tasks
when do memory skills improve rapidly?
during middle childhood
what skills do kids 7-11 begin using to remember things?
rehearsal and summarising and organizing information
who coined the term general intelligence
charles spearman
what is another term for general intelligence?
g
who came up with the theory of multiple intelligences?
gardner
what is the idea behind the theory of multiple intellifences?
everyone has different kinds of minds
name gardners thoerys of multiple intelligence
spatial, naturalist, musical, logical mathemaftical, existenal, interpersonal, bodily kinesthetic, linguistic, intrapersonal
what intelligence develops before the others (Gardners)
linguistic
what did gardner say each type of intelligence is regulated by?
different regions of the brain
what is sternbergs triarchal theory?
3 types of intelligence, analytical, creative, practical
what is the definition of componential (analytical) intelligence?
intelligence depends upon basic processes called componenets, including memory and learning
what is the definition of experiential (creative) intelligence?
intelligent behaviour involves applying existing knowledge to novel tasks
what is the definition of contextual (practical) intelligence?
intelligent behaviour involves adapting to one’s environment
who developed intelligence tests?
binet and simon
who created the concept of mental age?
binet and simon
what info did mental age provide?
provided info on whether child was delayed or advanced
termans messurement of iq = ?
mental age / chronological age x 100
what are the most common tests in Canada used to measure intelligence?
wechsler scales
what do the parents of children with high test scores look like?
stimulating, responsive and involved
why might female children have better verbal skills?
might be related to left hemisphere maturing faster
male children have better spatial skills
when is sounding out indivdual syllables common?
common in beginner readers
what factors contribute to children improving their writing?
greater knowledge, better organization, get better with mechanical requirements, greater skill in revising
when is counting mastered?
by kindergarten
what is true about canadian student math scores?
they are substantially lower
what is responsible for the lowered math scores in North America?
time spent in school, time spent on homework and attitudes towards it, parents belief ab effort and ability
what are the 2 main types of math instruction?
discovery based, direct instruction
what is gender identity?
persons inner sense of their own gender
how is self esteem measured in preschool kids?
by showing the child pictures and asking them to choose which featured child rhey are more alike
Harter evaluates self worth across what 5 domains?
- scholastic competence
- athletoc competence
- social accpetance
- behavioural conduct
- physical appearance
when is a drop in self esteem normal?
during middle childhood
children with low self esteem are more like to:
have problems with peers, prone to psychological disorders, be involved in antisocial behaviour, do poorly in school
what can affect a childs ability to take another persons perspective?
maltreatment and abuse
when will children claim to have a bestfriend?
by kindergarten
most children can be plaed in 1/5 categories in regards to popularity
popular, rejected, controversial, average, neglected
what are characteristics of popular children?
smarter, more physically attractive, better social skills
what are characteristics of rejected kids?
less socially skilled, aggressive, poor self control, disrupted in class, more likkley to get into criminal trouble
when was the first time social science research allowed into court as evidence?
the experiment from Clark and Clark
prosocial behaviour
actions that promote harmony in a social group
what skills do children learn that make prosocial behaviour more likely?
perspective taking, empathy
children are more likely to help others when they?
Feel responsible to the person in need
Have the skills that are needed to help
Are happy/in a good mood
Dont have to give up a lot to help
where does proscoial behaviour begin?
the home
what is aggression?
externalized behaviour meant to harm others and that violates the rights of others
name the types of aggressions?
instrumental, reactive, relational
what is instrumental aggression?
used to achieve some goal
what is reactive aggression?
agression in response to another childs behaviour
what is relational aggression?
verbal aggression, hurting others by undermining their social realtionships
parental use of physical punishment is associayed with what in children?
high levels of agressive behaviour in children
what is a latchkey kid?
take care of themselves after school
approx ___ in 10 marriages end in divorce
4
in the first few months after divorce, mothers were..
less affectionate, had harder time controlling
2 years after divorce, mothers …
improved relationship with children
6 years after divorce….
life was good for mothers and daughters but more difficult for sons and mothers
