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child development > cognitive development in preschool kids > Flashcards

cognitive development in preschool kids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 phases of theory of mind?

A

awareness of desires &links to behaviour, mental vs physical world, own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations

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2
Q

what age do kids become aware of desires and links to behaviour?

A

common in 2 year olds

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3
Q

when is awareness of mental vs physical world present?

A

3 years old

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4
Q

when is awareness that own and others behaviours are based on beliefs about events and situations

A

4 years old

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5
Q

what did Pellicano 2007 propose that theory of mind deficits may be due to?

A

he said they may be due to difficulties in executive functioning present in early life

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6
Q

what is executive functioning?

A

refers to a child’s ability to engage in intentional, self regulating bheaviour

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7
Q

what does the info processing approach suggest?

A

suggests that preshool years are not defined by a seperate stage of cognitive development

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8
Q

what is the goal of child focused ECE?

A

educate the whole child including physical, cogniitve, social, and emotional aspects

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9
Q

what is the goal of acadmeically oriented ECE?

A

prepare children for school by helping them achieve specific linguistic, cognitive, social and emotional goals

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10
Q

what age do children have a stable gender identity?

A

4-5 years

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11
Q

what is social learning theory? who is the creator?

A

kids learn about gender roles through reinforcement and observational learning. albert bandura

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12
Q

what is cognitive development theory? who is the creator?

A

full understanding of gender develops gradually. lawrence kohlberg

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13
Q

what does Lawrence Kholberg say about gender? 3 steps

A
  1. gender labelling
  2. gender stability
  3. gender consistency
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14
Q

when does gender labelling start? what is it?

A

starts at 2-3. understand they are a boy or girl and label themselves

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15
Q

what is gender stability? when does it start?

A

during preschool Years, develop understanding that genderally boys become men and girls become women

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16
Q

what is gender consistency? when does it occur?

A

understand that gender doesnt change across situation, 4-7

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17
Q

what 3 things do children have to master to achieve gender constancy?

A

gender labelling, gender stability, gender consistency

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18
Q

when do self conscious emotions become more common?

A

preschool years

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19
Q

in terms of emotions what is fundamental to the development of social competence?

A

regulating emotions

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20
Q

outline the emotion coaching approach

A

monitor emotions, neg emotions = opporunity for teaching, assist in labelling, more nurturing and less rejecting, more scaffolding and praise

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21
Q

outline the emotion dismissing approach

A

parents believe thier role is to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

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22
Q

name characteristics of kids with emotion coaching parents

A

better at soothing themselves, more effective at regulating neg emotions, focus attention better, have fewer behavioural problems

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23
Q

name the parenting styles

A

authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent permissive, indifferent uninvolved

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24
Q

describe the authoritarian parent

A

high control and low involvement/warmth

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25
Q

describe the authoritative parent

A

high control and high involvement

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26
Q

describe the indulgent permissive parent

A

low control and high involvement

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27
Q

describe the indifferent uninvolved parent

A

low control and low involvement

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28
Q

describe the child of an authoritarian parent

A

lower self esteem, less social skills

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29
Q

describe the child of an authoritative parent

A

responsible, self reliant, friendly

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30
Q

describe the child of an indulgent permissive parent

A

impulsive, easily frusterated

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31
Q

indifferent uninvolved child

A

low self esteem, impulsive, aggressive, moody

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32
Q

what are the scores on IQ tests for older child compared to other children?

A

higher

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33
Q

is the first or second born child more likley to go to university?

A

first

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34
Q

what is true about later born children?

A

tend to be more popular, more innovative

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35
Q

why do preschool aged children use aggression to solve conflicts?

A

because they are still learning socially appropriate ways to navigate conflict

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36
Q

what play is the norm by 4 years old?

A

cooperative play

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37
Q

what is make believe play associated with?

A

associated with cognitive and social/emotional development

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38
Q

what roles can parents play in play

A

join as playmate, mediator, coach, through attachment

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39
Q

when is the foundation of moral thinking set?

A

preschool years

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40
Q

what is the first step toward moral behaviour in the preschool years?

A

self control

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41
Q

what is self control?

A

the ability to rise above immediate pressure/temptation and not given into impulse

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42
Q

when does the first phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

A

around 1, start to learn about rules/demands people place on them

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43
Q

when does the 2nd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

A

around 2, internalizing rules and are capable of some self control even when parents not around

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44
Q

when does the 3rd phase of self control begin? what does it entail?

A

around 3, get better at self regulation and develop strategies to resist urgest

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45
Q

what strategies do preschoolers use to delay gratification?

A

avoid looking at tempting objects, reminder of rules, use distracting activities

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46
Q

what influences a childs self control? (2 things)

A

parental influence, childs temperament

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47
Q

where does the increase in height come from in middle childhood?

A

from the legs

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48
Q

are female vs males different in size in middle childhood?

A

no, growth is relatively the same in these years

49
Q

what rate do kids lose teeth in middle childhood?

A

4 teeth per year

50
Q

by 12 how many teeth do children have?

A

24 teeth

51
Q

what age do 2nd set of molars come in?

A

11-13 years

52
Q

what age do 3rd sets of molars come In?

A

early adult period

53
Q

what is malocclusion?

A

dental condition when the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly

54
Q

what is myopia?

A

nearsightedness, fuzzy distant vision

55
Q

what is the eustachian tube?

A

links inner ear to upper part of throat

56
Q

what perceptage of daily calories should breakfast be in middle childhood?

A

25-33%

57
Q

what are contirbutors to obesity in middle childhood?

A

genetics and biology, environment, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, others

58
Q

for treating obesity, what is the family centred approach?

A

parents play a fundamental role, not just directed to the child

59
Q

for treating obesity, what is the multidisciplinary approach?

A

multiple health care providers participate in the therapy

60
Q

11 year old can throw 3x further and jump 2x further than they could at age 6

A
61
Q

what skills do children tend to do better at?

A

fine motor skills and gross requiring flexibility and balance

62
Q

what skills are male children at?

A

gross motor skills requiring strength

63
Q

who made up the idea of schemas?

A

piaget’s theory

64
Q

what stage of thinking are middle childhood children in?

A

concrete operational

65
Q

why is the concrete operational stage called that?

A

its called the concrete because they still can’t understand abstract concepts

66
Q

what are some limitations of the concrete operational stage?

A

not able to think abstractly or hypothetically, cant understand or think ab broad concepts, cant do abstract and complex mental tasks

67
Q

when do memory skills improve rapidly?

A

during middle childhood

68
Q

what skills do kids 7-11 begin using to remember things?

A

rehearsal and summarising and organizing information

69
Q

who coined the term general intelligence

A

charles spearman

70
Q

what is another term for general intelligence?

A

g

71
Q

who came up with the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

gardner

72
Q

what is the idea behind the theory of multiple intellifences?

A

everyone has different kinds of minds

73
Q

name gardners thoerys of multiple intelligence

A

spatial, naturalist, musical, logical mathemaftical, existenal, interpersonal, bodily kinesthetic, linguistic, intrapersonal

74
Q

what intelligence develops before the others (Gardners)

A

linguistic

75
Q

what did gardner say each type of intelligence is regulated by?

A

different regions of the brain

76
Q

what is sternbergs triarchal theory?

A

3 types of intelligence, analytical, creative, practical

77
Q

what is the definition of componential (analytical) intelligence?

A

intelligence depends upon basic processes called componenets, including memory and learning

78
Q

what is the definition of experiential (creative) intelligence?

A

intelligent behaviour involves applying existing knowledge to novel tasks

79
Q

what is the definition of contextual (practical) intelligence?

A

intelligent behaviour involves adapting to one’s environment

80
Q

who developed intelligence tests?

A

binet and simon

81
Q

who created the concept of mental age?

A

binet and simon

82
Q

what info did mental age provide?

A

provided info on whether child was delayed or advanced

83
Q

termans messurement of iq = ?

A

mental age / chronological age x 100

84
Q

what are the most common tests in Canada used to measure intelligence?

A

wechsler scales

85
Q

what do the parents of children with high test scores look like?

A

stimulating, responsive and involved

86
Q

why might female children have better verbal skills?

A

might be related to left hemisphere maturing faster

87
Q

male children have better spatial skills

A
88
Q

when is sounding out indivdual syllables common?

A

common in beginner readers

89
Q

what factors contribute to children improving their writing?

A

greater knowledge, better organization, get better with mechanical requirements, greater skill in revising

90
Q

when is counting mastered?

A

by kindergarten

91
Q

what is true about canadian student math scores?

A

they are substantially lower

92
Q

what is responsible for the lowered math scores in North America?

A

time spent in school, time spent on homework and attitudes towards it, parents belief ab effort and ability

93
Q

what are the 2 main types of math instruction?

A

discovery based, direct instruction

94
Q

what is gender identity?

A

persons inner sense of their own gender

95
Q

how is self esteem measured in preschool kids?

A

by showing the child pictures and asking them to choose which featured child rhey are more alike

96
Q

Harter evaluates self worth across what 5 domains?

A
  1. scholastic competence
  2. athletoc competence
  3. social accpetance
  4. behavioural conduct
  5. physical appearance
97
Q

when is a drop in self esteem normal?

A

during middle childhood

98
Q

children with low self esteem are more like to:

A

have problems with peers, prone to psychological disorders, be involved in antisocial behaviour, do poorly in school

99
Q

what can affect a childs ability to take another persons perspective?

A

maltreatment and abuse

100
Q

when will children claim to have a bestfriend?

A

by kindergarten

101
Q

most children can be plaed in 1/5 categories in regards to popularity

A

popular, rejected, controversial, average, neglected

102
Q

what are characteristics of popular children?

A

smarter, more physically attractive, better social skills

103
Q

what are characteristics of rejected kids?

A

less socially skilled, aggressive, poor self control, disrupted in class, more likkley to get into criminal trouble

104
Q

when was the first time social science research allowed into court as evidence?

A

the experiment from Clark and Clark

105
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

actions that promote harmony in a social group

106
Q

what skills do children learn that make prosocial behaviour more likely?

A

perspective taking, empathy

107
Q

children are more likely to help others when they?

A

Feel responsible to the person in need
Have the skills that are needed to help
Are happy/in a good mood
Dont have to give up a lot to help

108
Q

where does proscoial behaviour begin?

A

the home

109
Q

what is aggression?

A

externalized behaviour meant to harm others and that violates the rights of others

110
Q

name the types of aggressions?

A

instrumental, reactive, relational

111
Q

what is instrumental aggression?

A

used to achieve some goal

112
Q

what is reactive aggression?

A

agression in response to another childs behaviour

113
Q

what is relational aggression?

A

verbal aggression, hurting others by undermining their social realtionships

114
Q

parental use of physical punishment is associayed with what in children?

A

high levels of agressive behaviour in children

115
Q

what is a latchkey kid?

A

take care of themselves after school

116
Q

approx ___ in 10 marriages end in divorce

A

4

117
Q

in the first few months after divorce, mothers were..

A

less affectionate, had harder time controlling

118
Q

2 years after divorce, mothers …

A

improved relationship with children

119
Q

6 years after divorce….

A

life was good for mothers and daughters but more difficult for sons and mothers

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