Cognitive Development Flashcards
At what age do children pay the most attention to faces?
Under 3 months
Why can a child over 3 months old pay attention to more than faces?
Improved visual memory
What are the two methods in assessing young infant’s sensory perceptions?
Habituation technique
Preferential looking
What is the preferential looking technique?
What the child looks at.
What the child prefers to look at.
How long they look at them for.
What is the habituation technique?
When a baby is exposed to something to see if they end up continuously looking at it or something else.
What visual memory did Slater et al (1948) find that 4 month olds could show?
Ability to differentiate different patterns
Ability to direct attention at particular stimuli
Can retain information long enough to make comparison
What is the APGAR test?
Taken between 1 and 5 minutes after the baby’s born to test how well the baby tolerated the birthing process.
What is the baby’s behaviour at around 2 months?
Recognise/prefer mother’s/primary caregiver’s features
What is the baby’s behaviour at around 3 months?
Distinguish features of different faces
What is the baby’s behaviour at around 5 months?
Perceive emotional expressions
What is the baby’s behaviour at around 10 months?
Social referencing (looking at the caregiver to perceive how they should respond to the situation)
What is visual perception development?
Maturation of the eye and visual centres in the brain.
It supports development of focusing, colour discrimination, visual acuity and ability to track moving objects.
What is gross-motor development?
Walking, moving etc
What is fine-motor development?
Drawing, hand-writing etc
What are Piaget’s 4 cognitive stages of development?
- Sensorimotor stage
- Pre-operational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
What happens in the sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years
Child interacts with the environment.
Object permanence, Mental representation of the world.
What happens in the pre-operational stage?
2-6 or 7 years
Child represents the world symbolically.
Egocentrism, Increased pretend play.
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
7-11 or 12 years
Child learns rules such as conversation.
Thoughts are more organised, cognitive processing is biased towards perceptual cues.
What happens in the formal operational stage?
12-Adulthood
Adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future.
Thinking becomes more abstract without being constrained by perceptual cues.
What is assimilation?
When a child applies previously learned techniques to new objects.
E.g. Sees a cat for the first time and assumes its a dog because it has 4 legs.
What is accommodation?
When a child changes their older view of an object due to learning new information.
E.g. child realises that not all 4-legged animals are dogs.
