Cognitive Biases Flashcards
Anchoring/Focalism
Tendency to rely to heavily on one piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of info we acquire on that subject)
Ambiguity Effect
Tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem unknown
Bandwagon Effect
Tendency to do/believe things because many others do or believe the same (groupthink; herd behavior)
Choice-supportive Bias
Tendency to remember ones choices as better than they actually were
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember info in a way that confirms ones preconceptions
Dunning-Kruger Effect
Tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their ability
Empathy Gap
Tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.
Gambler’s Fallacy
tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged
Discounting
tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs
Identifiable Victim Effect
tendency to respond more strongly to a single identified person at risk than to a large group of people at risk
Mere Exposure Effect
tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them
Negativity Bias
phenomenon by which humans have a greater recall of unpleasant memories compared with positive memories
Planning Fallacy
tendency to underestimate task-completion times
Post-Purchase Rationalization
tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value
Social Comparison Bias
tendency, when making hiring decisions, to favour potential candidates who don’t compete with one’s own particular strengths
Backfire Effect
When people react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening their beliefs
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for people to over-emphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior
Group Attribution Error
biased belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole or the tendency to assume that group decision outcomes reflect the preferences of group members, even when information is available that clearly suggests otherwise
Ingroup Bias
tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups
Just World Hypothesis
tendency for people to want to believe that the world is fundamentally just, causing them to rationalize an otherwise inexplicable injustice as deserved by the victim(s)
Projection Bias
tendency to unconsciously assume that others (or one’s future selves) share one’s current emotional states, thoughts and values
Trait Ascription Bias
tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as much more predictable
Illusion of Asymmetric Insight
People perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers’ knowledge of them
Cryptomnesia
a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory
Misinformation Effect
Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information
Spotlight Effect
tendency to overestimate the amount that other people notice your appearance or behavior
Suggestibility
A form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory
Zeigarnik effect
uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones
Cognitive Dissonance
mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values
