Cognitive Biases

Question 1

Ingroup Bias

Answer 1

The tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own group

Question 2

Outgroup homogeneity bias

Answer 2

Individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups

Question 3

Herd Instinct

Answer 3

Common tendency to adopt the opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority to feel safer and to avoid conflict.

Question 4

Projection Bias

Answer 4

The tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, or positions

Question 5

Fundamental Attribution error

Answer 5

The tendency for people to over emphasize personality based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behaviors.

Question 6

Hindsight Bias

Answer 6

Filtering memory of past events through present knowledge, so that those events look more predictable than they actually were; also knowns as the “I knew it all along” effect.

Question 7

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 7

Perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.

Question 8

Negativity Bias

Answer 8

phenomenon by which humans pay more attention to and give more weight to negative than positive experiences or other kinds of information.

Question 9

Post-Purchase rationalization

Answer 9

the tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.

Question 10

Framing

Answer 10

using an approach or description of the situation or issue that is too narrow. Also framing effect- drawing different conclusions based on how data is presented.

Question 11

Bandwagon Effect

Answer 11

The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior

Question 12

Selective Perception

Answer 12

The tendency for expectations to affect perception

Question 13

Stats Quo Bias

Answer 13

the tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same.

Question 14

Gambler’s Fallacy

Answer 14

The tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged.

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

Estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples.

Question 16

Availability Cascade

Answer 16

A self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (“repeat something long enough and it will become true”)

Question 17

Anchoring Effect

Answer 17

the tendency to rely too heavily or “anchor” on a past reference or on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.

Question 18

Confirmation Bias

Answer 18

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s perceptions.

Question 19

Expectation Bias

Answer 19

The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations

Question 20

Consistency Bias

Answer 20

Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behavior as resembling present attitudes and behavior.