Cognitive Biases Flashcards
What is the Processing difficulty effect?
That information that takes longer to read and is thought about more (processed with more difficulty) is more easily remembered.
What is the Zeigarnik Effect?
That uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.
What is the Picture superiority effect?
Picture superiority effect The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts.
What is a Consistency Bias?
Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
What is egocentric bias?
Occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would credit them.
What is naive cynicism?
Expecting more egocentric bias in others than in oneself
What is moral luck?
The tendency for people to ascribe greater or lesser moral standing based on the outcome of an event
What is the Just-world phenomenom?
The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and therefore people “get what they deserve.”
What is the Illusion of transparency?
People overestimate others’ ability to know them, and they also overestimate their ability to know others.
What is the halo effect?
The tendency for a person’s positive or negative traits to “spill over” from one personality area to another in others’ perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype).
What is the Pseudocertainty effect?
The tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.
What is the Dunning–Kruger effect?
An effect in which incompetent people fail to realise they are incompetent because they lack the skill to distinguish between competence and incompetence. Actual competence may weaken self-confidence, as competent individuals may falsely assume that others have an equivalent understanding.
What is Actor-Observer Bias?
The tendency for explanations of other individuals’ behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one’s own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality).
What is Mere exposure effect?
The tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them.
What is Loss aversion?
“the disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it”.[50] (see also Sunk cost effects and endowment effect).
