cognitive biases Flashcards
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
(Looking for info that supports preexisting opinions)
Confirmation Bias: example
Predictable World Bias
attempting to find order or patterns where it has not been proved to exist, either at all or at a particular level of abstraction
Predictable World Bias: examples
superstitions: person A saw a black cat in the morning, then had a bad day, this happened twice. Now every time A sees a black cat, they think they will have a bad day.
Attribution Bias
the tendency to explain a person’s behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor. In essence, it leads us to overestimate the weight of someone’s personality traits and underestimate the influence of their individual circumstances.
Attribution Bias: example
You’re driving along the motorway and another car cuts in front of you in a hazardous way. You might draw some conclusions about the other driver’s character based on their poor driving. Perhaps you think they’re rude or aggressive.
Availability Heuristic
tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future.
Availability Heuristic
Assuming that all large dogs are aggressive and dangerous because of news stories or personal experiences with them.
Gambler’s Fallacy
an individual believes that the likelihood of a particular event is affected by previous events, even though the events are unrelated, the events are statistically independent, and the probability remains the same.
Gambler’s Fallacy: example
“The dice has landed on 6 five times in a row, so it’s likely to land on 6 again next time.”
Framing Effect
people’s decisions are influenced by how information is presented or framed to them, rather than solely on the actual information or data presented.
Framing Effect: example
a product saying “90% sugar free” which sound better than “10% sugar.
