Cognitive Biases

Question 1

Anchoring Bias

Answer 1

The tendency to rely too heavily—to “anchor”—on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of information acquired on that subject).

Question 2

Availability Heuristic

Answer 2

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater “availability” in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be.

Question 3

Confirmation Bias

Answer 3

The tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions.[30] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias:

Question 4

Framing Effect

Answer 4

The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented.

Question 5

Misinformation Effect

Answer 5

The tendency for memories to be heavily influenced by things that happened after the actual event itself. For example, research has shown that simply asking questions about an event can change someone’s memories of what happened.

Question 6

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 6

The tendency to attribute our actions to external influences and other people’s actions to internal ones. The way we perceive others and how we attribute their actions hinges on a variety of variables, but it can be heavily influenced by whether we are the actor or the observer in a situation.

Question 7

False Consensus Effect

Answer 7

The tendency people have to overestimate how much other people agree with their own beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, and values.