Cognitive Bias Flashcards
What is a cognitive bias?
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.
True or False: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making.
True
Fill in the blank: The __________ bias leads individuals to prefer information that confirms their existing beliefs.
confirmation
What is the anchoring bias?
The anchoring bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
Which cognitive bias involves overestimating the likelihood of events based on recent experiences?
availability heuristic
True or False: The hindsight bias is the tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
True
What does the Dunning-Kruger effect describe?
The Dunning-Kruger effect describes the phenomenon where individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a type of cognitive bias? A) Confirmation B) Attribution C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
What is the self-serving bias?
The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to one’s own actions and negative outcomes to external factors.
Fill in the blank: The __________ bias occurs when people believe they are less at risk of experiencing negative events compared to others.
optimism
What is the status quo bias?
The status quo bias is the preference for the current state of affairs, and the resistance to change.
True or False: Sunk cost fallacy is a cognitive bias where past investments justify continued investment.
True
What is the framing effect?
The framing effect is the tendency for people’s decisions to be influenced by the way information is presented.
Multiple Choice: The illusion of control is the belief that one can influence outcomes that are actually determined by chance. True or False?
True
What is the bandwagon effect?
The bandwagon effect is the tendency to adopt certain behaviors or beliefs because many others are doing so.
Fill in the blank: __________ bias refers to the tendency to judge a person’s character based on the group they belong to.
stereotyping
What is the negativity bias?
The negativity bias is the tendency to give more weight to negative experiences than positive ones.
True or False: Cognitive biases only affect personal decisions, not professional or group decisions.
False
What is the planning fallacy?
The planning fallacy is the tendency to underestimate the time, costs, and risks of future actions while overestimating the benefits.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? A) Feeling discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict B) Feeling happy when achieving a goal C) Feeling indifferent about choices
A) Feeling discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict
What is the mere exposure effect?
The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon where people develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
Fill in the blank: The __________ bias leads to the tendency to attribute others’ actions to their character rather than situational factors.
fundamental attribution
True or False: Cognitive biases can be completely eliminated with awareness.
False
What is the outcome bias?
The outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
