Cognitive Approach Content Review Flashcards
Multi-story memory model
The MSM proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Working memory model
The theory suggests that short-term memory is not a single store but rather consists of a number of different stores.
The Phonological Loop is the auditory component of STM, divided into two components: the articulatory control system, which can hold information in a verbal form, and the phonological store, holding auditory memory traces.
Schema theory
The theory that schemas, are mental representations that are used to organize our knowledge, assist recall, guide our behaviour, predict likely happenings and help us to make sense of current experiences. Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge. They simplify reality, setting up expectations about what is probable in relation to particular social and textual contexts.
Dual Process Model
Argues that there are two systems of decision-making - System 1 is an automatic, intuitive, and effortless way of thinking, rooted in the fact that humans are cognitive misers. System 2 is a slower, conscious and rational mode of thinking. These systems of thinking are reliant on the biases humans have.
Anchoring bias
When an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.
Reconstructive memory
The theory that when memories are accessed, they are not retrieved as a single, whole memory, but rather as a collection of independent memories put together. It is in this “reconstructive process” that distortions occur.
Flashbulb memory
Brown & Kulik’s theory that memories created as the result of high levels of emotion form a different type of memory - emotional memories. Emotional memories are vivid, detailed and specific. And, the theory argues that a lot of peripheral and irrelevant information is retained.
