Cognitive approach

Question 1

AO1

Schema

Answer 1

mental representation of information developed through experience

Question 2

A01

self - schema

Answer 2

a mental representation that we have about ourselves

Question 3

A01

negative self - schema

Becks negative triad

Answer 3

interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way

Question 4

A01

Faulty info processing

Becks negative triad

Answer 4

attending the negative aspects and ignoring the positives

Question 5

AO1

negative triad

Answer 5

Person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of automatic negative thinking, regardless of what is even happening

Question 6

AO1

Becks negative triad

Answer 6

1967

Question 7

AO3

Research Support

Beck

Answer 7

• Good research support for all the cognitive vulnerability factors. Can be seen before depression develops, suggesting that Beck is right in saying these cause depression – Clark and Beck 1999
• Tracked the development of 437 adolescents, regularly measuring cognitive vulnerability. Found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression – Cohen et al 2019

Question 8

AO3

real - world application

Answer 8

• Application it has to screening and treatment to depression
• Assessing cognitive vulnerability allows psychologists to screen young people, identifying who is more at risk – Cohen et al
• Understanding cognitive vulnerability can be applied to CBT which works by changing a person’s cognitions

Question 9

AO3

Parial explanation

Answer 9

• Some people experience delusions and hallucinations better explained by the biological approach

Question 10

Ellis’s ABC model

Answer 10

1962

Question 11

AO1

activating effect

Ellis’s ABC model

Answer 11

events and situations that trigger irrational beliefs and cause depression

Question 12

A01

Beliefs

ABC

Answer 12

there are a range of irrational beliefs, that are linked to activating events

Question 13

AO1

Consequences

ABC

Answer 13

when an activating event riggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural characteristics

Question 14

AO3

Real – world application

ABC

Answer 14

Real – world application
* Application that the explanation has had to the treatment
* Rational emotional behavioural therapy (REBT) approach used by Ellis to treat depression. Involves a therapist arguing with a depressed patient and changing their irrational beliefs
* Evidence that REBT changes negative beliefs – David et al 2018

Question 15

AO3

Reactive and endogenous depression

ABC

Answer 15

• The explanation only explains certain types of depression – reactive depression and not endogenous depression
• biological factors may explain endogenous depression

Question 16

AO3

Ethical issues

ABC

Answer 16

• puts the blame on the person for their depression
• however, using REBT model in a sensitive way can make some people achieve more resilience and feel better